Shigley took the helm of the section at its annual business meeting on June 14, 2015, at the AAJ annual convention in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

The Motor Vehicle Collision, Highway and Premises Liability Section includes litigation groups focused on specialized practices in Trucking Litigation, Bus Litigation, Traumatic Brain Injury, Spinal Cord Injury, Motorcycle Litigation, Bicycle Litigation, Resort Torts Litigation and Inadequate Security Litigation.

Continuing legal education seminars comprise a major portion of the section’s activity. Shigley assigned people to begin work on plans for CLE programs at Boca Raton (February 2016), New Orleans (April 2016 and Los Angeles (July 2016), and a number of tightly focused webinar programs. Shigley is a former chair of the board of trustees of the Institute for Continuing Legal Education in Georgia, was a trustee of the Institute for Continuing Judicial Education, and has been a frequent CLE speaker in Georgia and nationally for 21 years.

Shigley has issued a request for volunteers to serve as state liaisons in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. State liaisons will work with lawyers in their states to increase section membership, participation in the AAJ Political Action Committee and assist with a project to study possible inflation adjustments of state minimum insurance laws.

Other section officers for 2015-16 include:

Chair-Elect – Wade F. Suthard (Elizabeth, NJ) Responsible for the planning and presentation of the Section’s Annual Convention CLE program and assisting the Chair in carrying out his responsibilities.

Vice Chair – Kenneth H. Levinson (Chicago, IL) Responsible for promoting and growing the Section’s Document Library.“Information Exchange/ Networking – Document Library – Promote in listserv (monthly) and newsletter, listing recent contributions and giving credit to contributors.

Secretary – Matthew A. Nace (Washington, DC) Chair Long Range Planning and develop proposed amendments to section bylaws. Responsible for attending all Section meetings and Section Executive Committee conference calls and shall record and keep minutes of all actions taken at those meetings. Within fifteen days after the conclusion of any Section or Executive Committee meeting, the Secretary shall provide a copy of the minutes of that meeting to all members of the Section and Executive Committee. If the Secretary is unable to attend a meeting, he shall appoint another member of the Section to act in his stead for that particular meeting.

Newsletter Editor – Jennifer Leonhardt Ojeda (Atlanta, GA) Responsible for soliciting articles and content for the Section’s quarterly newsletter. The Newsletter Editor shall work directly with AAJ staff on the publication and shall regularly inform the Section Executive Committee on the status of the newsletter.

Parliamentarian – Jason Studinski (Plover, WI) Serve as Membership Coordinator.  Responsible for coordinating with AAJ staff and reporting on the Section’s membership to the Executive Committee. The Membership Coordinator is responsible for assisting AAJ in Section membership drives and recruitment efforts. He is responsible, with the Section Chair and AAJ staff, for informing all Section members about Section meeting, education programs, and events as well as all other relevant event information.  Coordinate state liaisons.

Immediate Past Chair – Robert L. Collins (Houston, TX) Liaison with AAJ and Other Sections. (in particular, with the Litigation Group and Section Oversight Committee and the New Lawyers Section.

———–

Ken Shigley is a past president of the State Bar of Georgia and a board certified civil trial attorney of the National Board of Trial Advocacy.

It comes without warning. One moment you are driving to work, picking up your children, or heading home — and then a collision changes everything. In the hours and days after a serious Georgia car accident, the decisions you make can protect or undermine a legal claim worth tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars. Yet most people navigate that critical period without any guidance about how Georgia’s legal system actually works.

This guide is written for people dealing with the real aftermath of a serious crash: medical bills stacking up, an insurance adjuster calling, and a claims process that can feel deliberately confusing. It covers Georgia’s fault rules, the deadlines you cannot miss, the insurance landscape you are navigating, and the mistakes that routinely cost injured people significant money.

How Georgia’s Fault System Works

Georgia follows a modified comparative fault rule, codified at O.C.G.A. § 51-12-33. Under that statute, you can recover damages as long as your share of fault is less than 50 percent. If you are 49 percent at fault, you can still recover — but your damages are reduced by your percentage of fault. If you are found 50 percent or more at fault, you recover nothing.

Insurance adjusters understand this rule and use it aggressively. Expect an argument that you were following too closely, driving too fast, or distracted — even when the evidence says otherwise. A recorded statement you give in the days after a crash, before you understand the full picture, can be used to inflate your share of fault.

Georgia’s Two-Year Statute of Limitations

The deadline: Under O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33, you have two years from the date of injury to file a personal injury lawsuit in Georgia. Miss that deadline and your case is gone — no matter how serious your injuries, no matter how clear the other driver’s fault.

Two exceptions are worth knowing. If a government vehicle or government employee caused your crash, Georgia’s ante litem notice requirements apply to state and local government defendants, with requirements for very specific, hypertechnical written notices in six months for municipal governments and twelve months for county and state governments.  Wrongful death claims have their own two-year clock running from the date of death rather than the accident date. When in doubt, consult an attorney immediately. The clock runs whether you know it or not.

Understanding the Insurance Landscape

Georgia requires drivers to carry minimum liability coverage of $25,000 per person and $50,000 per occurrence under O.C.G.A. § 33-34-4. Those minimums are woefully inadequate for serious injuries. In a case involving hospitalization, surgery, or long-term impairment, a $25,000 policy covers a fraction of the medical bills. We spend a lot of time and effort locating additional insurance.

Georgia’s uninsured/underinsured motorist (UM/UIM) coverage, governed by O.C.G.A. § 33-7-11, can bridge that gap — but only if you purchased it. Georgia allows drivers to reject UM coverage in writing. If you did not affirmatively reject it, your policy should include it. Review your own declarations page before the adjuster tells you what your coverage is.

In commercial trucking cases, the insurance limits are several times higher.

What to Do in the First 72 Hours

The actions you take immediately after a crash have disproportionate legal significance. Evidence disappears, memories fade, and the insurance company’s team begins working the moment a claim is reported.

1. Call 911 and wait for police. A Georgia Uniform Crash Report creates a contemporaneous record. Do not agree to handle this privately.
2. Seek medical attention that day, even if you feel you can manage. Whiplash, traumatic brain injury, and internal injuries may not produce severe symptoms immediately. A gap in treatment is one of the first things adjusters use to minimize claims.
3. Document everything at the scene: photos of both vehicles, the roadway, skid marks, traffic controls, and visible injuries. Too often we have had cases in which the vehicles were destroyed and the scene changed before clients came to us.  Collect names and contact information for all witnesses.
4. Do not give a recorded statement to any insurance company without first consulting an attorney. Georgia law does not require you to give a recorded statement to the adverse insurer.
5. Preserve all evidence. Do not have your vehicle repaired until it has been inspected and documented. Do not discard clothing, medical devices, or any item damaged in the crash. If clothing is soaked with blood or other fluids, preserve that in a bag.
6. Report the accident to your own insurer as required by your policy, but keep that statement limited to basic facts.
7. Consult a Georgia personal injury attorney before accepting any settlement offer or signing any release.

How Georgia Car Accident Damages Are Calculated

Georgia law allows recovery of both economic and non-economic damages. Economic damages include medical expenses (past and future), lost wages and earning capacity, out-of-pocket costs, and property damage. Non-economic damages include pain and suffering, mental distress, loss of enjoyment of life, and in appropriate cases, loss of consortium by a spouse.

Georgia has no statutory cap on compensatory damages in personal injury cases (unlike medical malpractice cases under O.C.G.A. § 51-13-1, which caps non-economic damages). Punitive damages under O.C.G.A. § 51-12-5.1 are available in cases involving willful misconduct, malice, fraud, or conscious indifference This is rarely applicable for simple auto collision cases. Punitive damages in Georgia are capped at $250,000 in most cases, with the exception of product liability and cases involving specific intent to harm.

Common Mistakes That Hurt Georgia Car Accident Claims

• Giving a recorded statement to the adverse insurer. You are not legally required to do so, and adjusters are trained to get to say things they can use to minimize your claim.
• Delaying medical treatment. Every day of treatment gap is a day the insurer will argue you were not seriously hurt.
• Posting on social media. Photos of you at a family gathering, a trip, or even a casual smile can be used to contradict claims of pain and impairment. Assume anything you post will be seen.
• Accepting the first settlement offer. Initial offers in serious injury cases routinely undervalue claims by a significant margin. Once you sign a release, that settlement is final — including for future medical complications.
• Waiting too long to hire an attorney. Evidence preservation letters, spoliation notices, and early investigation require prompt action. Many of the best attorneys in serious injury cases will not take cases where critical evidence has been lost.

From Our Practice

Johnson & Ward has represented Georgia injury victims since 1949. Current partners have decades of experience. In decades of representing seriously injured Georgians, the pattern we see most often is not dramatic. It’s a series of small, well-intentioned decisions that collectively undermine a legitimate claim. Someone accepts a quick settlement offer before understanding the full extent of their injuries. Someone gives a recorded statement because a friendly adjuster asked and they wanted to cooperate. Someone waits three months to see a doctor because they assumed they would feel better. These are not unusual cases. I am describing what we see regularly. The insurance companies are experienced at this. Their adjusters work these claims every day. The people we represent are usually doing this for the first and only time in their lives.

What to Do If This Applies to You

1. Get medical attention promptly and follow through with your treatment plan.
2. Do not give any recorded statement to any insurer without legal advice.
3. Preserve all evidence — vehicle, clothing, medical records, photos.
4. Note the two-year Georgia statute of limitations (O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33) and do not let time expire.
5. Review your own auto policy for UM/UIM coverage before assuming the at-fault driver’s policy is sufficient.
6. Consult a Georgia personal injury attorney before signing any settlement release.

Contact Johnson & Ward

If you or someone you love sustained serious injuries in a Georgia car accident, Johnson & Ward represents injured Georgians and their families in cases involving significant harm. Call us at (404) 253-7862 to speak with a member of our team about your situation.

*This post is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. No attorney-client relationship is created by reading this blog. Laws and their interpretation change; verify current law with a qualified Georgia attorney before relying on any information here. If you have been injured in Georgia, contact a licensed Georgia personal injury attorney to discuss the specific facts of your situation.*

Three days after a rear-end collision on I-285, a driver gets a phone call. The other driver’s insurance company offers a settlement that sounds reasonable — until the medical bills arrive weeks later and the total several times more than the offer. By then, the release has been signed and there is nothing left to do. This scenario plays out hundreds of times every year in Georgia.

A skilled car accident attorney maximizes your settlement by identifying every source of compensation, countering lowball tactics, and ensuring no deadline slips past unnoticed — steps that are nearly impossible to manage while recovering from an injury.

How Does a Car Accident Attorney Actually Maximize Your Settlement?

A car accident attorney maximizes your settlement by building a complete evidence record, calculating the full value of your damages — including future medical costs and lost earning capacity — and negotiating from a position of documented legal strength rather than urgency.

Seasoned attorneys know the litigation leverage that adjusters fear most: a credible threat of trial. We have been there hundreds of times.

In Georgia, victims are entitled to pursue the at-fault driver’s insurance policy and underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage on their own policy. When the at-fault driver was operating a commercial vehicle, the company and its insurance coverage are at stake. The combination of thorough preparation and knowledge of Georgia-specific law routinely produces settlements that dwarf unrepresented offers.

Insurance companies are businesses. Their adjusters are trained to close claims quickly and cheaply. The moment you retain a car accident attorney, that dynamic shifts: the insurer knows that undervaluing your claim risks a lawsuit, a jury, and potentially much more significant exposure. That knowledge alone moves the number.

Georgia Law and How It Applies to Your Car Accident Claim

Under Georgia law, car accident victims must file a personal injury lawsuit within two years of the collision date (O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33). Miss that window and the court will dismiss your case regardless of how serious your injuries are. If a government vehicle or road-design defect contributed to the crash, a very specific pre-suit notice must reach the responsible agency within as little as six months for city governments and twelve months for county and state governments agencies.

Georgia follows a modified comparative fault rule (O.C.G.A. § 51-12-33). Your recovery is reduced by your own percentage of fault, and if you are found 50 percent or more at fault, you collect nothing. Insurance adjusters exploit this rule aggressively — assigning exaggerated percentages of fault to claimants to reduce payouts. An experienced Atlanta car accident attorney documents road conditions, traffic signals, and witness accounts to defeat inflated fault assignments before they are locked into the file.

Georgia also allows victims to stack multiple uninsured / underinsured motorist insurance coverages that differ from most neighboring states. In some limited circumstances and provides stacking rights for underinsured motorist coverages.

Claims involving tractor-trailers are also subject to Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations which set relatively clear standards on a wide array of issues involved in trucking safety.

Treatment records from hospitals and other medical providers are routinely used to anchor the medical foundation of a Georgia car accident settlement although the legislature last year, lobbied heavily by the insurance industry, muddied the water about what is admissible in evidence.

What You Must Prove to Win a Georgia Car Accident Claim

To recover compensation under Georgia law, your attorney must establish four core elements. Each one requires specific evidence gathered quickly — often before it disappears.

– Duty of care.

Every Georgia driver owes a legal duty to operate their vehicle with reasonable care for others on the road.

– Breach of that duty.

The at-fault driver violated the duty — by speeding, running a red light, driving distracted, or otherwise departing from reasonable conduct.

– Causation.

The breach directly caused the collision and your injuries; insurers routinely challenge this by claiming your injuries existed, in whole or in part, before the crash. We know how to deal effectively with that.

– Damages.

You suffered measurable harm: medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, or other losses recognized under Georgia law.

Documentation and preservation.

Police reports, photographs, black-box data, and medical records must be secured promptly; electronic vehicle data can be overwritten within days.

Comparative fault defense.

Your attorney can preemptively rebut any argument that you share fault, since Georgia’s 50 percent bar is an absolute cutoff to recovery. We have dealt with those claims for decades.

Common Mistakes That Can Hurt Your Georgia Car Accident Claim

1. Accepting the first settlement offer.

Insurers routinely make a quick, low offer before the full extent of injuries is known. Signing a release extinguishes all future claims, even if surgery becomes necessary months later.

2. Giving a recorded statement without counsel.

Adjusters are trained to ask questions that elicit admissions of partial fault or minimization of injuries. Under Georgia law, those statements can be used against you at trial. We tell adjusters they can take a recorded statement from our client at the same meeting where we take a recorded statement from their insured. They say that is against company policy and we tell them lack of reciprocity is against our policy.

3. Delaying medical treatment.

Gaps in care, even a few days, give insurers ammunition to argue that your injuries are not serious or were caused by something other than the crash. Seek evaluation immediately, even if you feel only mild discomfort. Symptoms of disc, nerve, ligament and tendon injuries may get worse over time.

4. Posting about the accident on social media.

Defense investigators monitor Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok. A single photograph or casual post can be presented to a jury as evidence that you were not seriously hurt. Do not hand them the knife with which to kill your claim.

5. Missing the ante litem or statute of limitations deadline.

Georgia’s two-year filing window (and shorter government notice requirements) is clear, with few narrow exceptions. No exception applies simply because you were negotiating in good faith with the insurer.

What Compensation Is Available in a Georgia Car Accident Case

Georgia law recognizes two broad categories of damages in car accident cases.

Economic damages cover every quantifiable financial loss: emergency room and hospital bills, surgery and rehabilitation costs, physical therapy at facilities, medications, lost wages, and diminished future earning capacity.

Non-economic damages — pain and suffering, emotional distress, loss of enjoyment of life, and the impact on your relationships — often exceed economic losses in serious injury cases. Georgia does not impose an arbitrary cap on these damages in personal injury actions. The measure is ultimately the enlightened conscience of a fair and impartial jury.

In unusual situations where a defendant’s conduct showed conscious disregard for others’ safety, punitive damages may also be available under O.C.G.A. § 51-12-5.1. That is rare in automobile negligence cases.

Johnson & Ward has pursued every category of these damages for Georgia accident victims for more than 75 years. Our attorneys understand how to present damages evidence and how to give juries and mediators a full picture of non-economic harm — a skill that consistently produces stronger outcomes than victims achieve without representation.

How Johnson & Ward Can Help After Your Georgia Car Accident

Founded in 1949, Johnson & Ward brings more than 75 years of Georgia personal injury experience to every car accident claim we handle. Lead attorney Ken Shigley is a past president of the State Bar of Georgia and holds three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy in civil trial advocacy and truck accident law — credentials held by very few Georgia attorneys. We investigate crashes from day one, work with accident reconstruction specialists and medical experts, handle all insurer communications so you can focus on recovery, and take cases to trial when insurers refuse to pay fair value.

Call 404-253-7862 or complete our online contact form at atlantainjurylawyer.com.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: How long do I have to file a car accident lawsuit in Georgia?

A: Georgia law gives car accident victims two years from the date of the collision to file a personal injury lawsuit (O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33). If the at-fault driver was operating a government vehicle, a shorter ante litem notice deadline — as brief as six months — may apply. Missing either deadline permanently bars your claim.

Q: Do I need a car accident attorney if the other driver was clearly at fault?

A: Yes. Even when liability is clear, insurance companies routinely undervalue medical expenses, ignore future costs, and dispute the severity of injuries. A Georgia car accident attorney documents the full value of your claim, counters fault-shifting arguments, and negotiates from a position of legal strength that unrepresented victims cannot replicate on their own.

Q: How much is my Georgia car accident case worth?

A: Your case value depends on medical expenses, lost income, the permanence of your injuries, and non-economic harm such as pain and suffering. Georgia does not cap non-economic damages in most car accident cases, and serious injury claims frequently produce settlements well above initial insurer offers. An attorney can provide a realistic range after reviewing your records.

Q: What happens after I hire a Georgia car accident attorney?

A: Your attorney sends a representation letter to all insurers, which stops direct contact with adjusters. The firm then gathers police reports, medical records, witness statements, and vehicle data to build your claim file. Once your treatment is complete or stabilized, your attorney submits a formal demand package and begins settlement negotiations — or files suit if a fair offer is not received.

About the Author: This article was prepared by the attorneys at Johnson & Ward, Atlanta, Georgia. Ken Shigley is a past president of the State Bar of Georgia and is board certified in civil trial advocacy and truck accident law by the National Board of Trial Advocacy.

This blog post is provided for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Reading this content does not create an attorney-client relationship. Results in prior cases do not guarantee similar outcomes. Contact Johnson & Ward for advice specific to your situation.

Injured in an Atlanta car accident? Learn the critical steps to take in the first 24 hours to protect your health, your rights, and your compensation claim.

The I-285 interchange at Spaghetti Junction is an iconic symbol of Atlanta traffic. That one exchange handles over 300,000 vehicles every day. On any given afternoon, a split-second distraction turns one of those commutes into a crash. In the chaotic moments after impact, most Atlanta drivers do not know that the decisions they make in the next 24 hours will have a direct and lasting effect on their ability to recover compensation. The steps you take, and just as critically, the steps you skip, can determine whether a future personal injury claim in Georgia succeeds or falls apart before it ever reaches a courtroom.

What Should You Do Immediately After a Car Accident in Atlanta?

After a car accident in Atlanta, your first priorities are safety, medical care, and documentation, in that order.

Move to a safe location if possible, call 911, and request both police and emergency medical services even if injuries appear minor. Under Georgia law, you are required to report any accident involving injury, death, or property damage exceeding $500 (O.C.G.A. § 40-6-273), and that official police report becomes a foundational document in any future personal injury claim.

Never leave the scene before the police, never admit fault, and never decline medical evaluation at the scene. Shock and adrenaline routinely mask serious injuries, including traumatic brain injury, for hours after a crash.

Georgia Law and How It Applies to Your Post-Accident Actions

Georgia operates under a modified comparative fault system governed by O.C.G.A. § 51-12-33. Under this rule, you can recover damages as long as you are not more than 50 percent at fault for the accident, though your compensation is reduced by whatever percentage of fault is assigned to you. That makes every action you take in the first 24 hours legally significant: a delayed medical visit, an informal apology at the scene, or an ill-considered social media post can all be cited by the opposing insurer to inflate your assigned percentage of fault.

Georgia also imposes a two-year statute of limitations for most personal injury claims under O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33. If the at-fault driver was a government employee operating a government vehicle, an statutory presuit notice may be required within as little as six months (city governments) or twelve months (state and county governments), far sooner than most victims realize.

The state courts of the major metro counties handle the majority of metro Atlanta auto accident litigation. Judges in these courts expect plaintiffs to demonstrate a clear, documented chain of events beginning at the scene. Emergency treatment records from hospital emergency departments, a responding officer’s incident report, and contemporaneous photographs create the evidentiary backbone your attorney needs to prosecute your claim effectively.

Critical Steps to Take in the First 24 Hours

To protect your health and preserve a viable personal injury claim under Georgia law, take the following steps as quickly as possible after a crash:

• Call 911 and wait for a police report.

A formal incident report establishes the time, location, parties, and initial fault determination. Do not leave the scene or agree to exchange information privately without a police report.

• Accept or seek medical evaluation immediately.

If paramedics respond, allow them to assess you. If you decline transport, go to an emergency room or urgent care to at least get checked out within hours, not days. Delayed treatment is the single most common argument insurers use to dispute injury claims.

• Document everything at the scene.

Photograph vehicle damage, road conditions, traffic signs, skid marks, and any visible injuries. Include photos of the license plate and all business markings, DOT and Public Service Commission numbers on all vehicles. Collect the names, phone numbers, and insurance information of all drivers and any witnesses.

• Do not give a recorded statement to any insurance company.

The other driver’s insurer may call within hours of the crash. Under Georgia law, you are not obligated to provide a recorded statement to an adverse insurer, and doing so without an attorney typically damages your claim. When insurance adjusters ask us for recorded statements of clients, we tell them we will be glad to schedule at the same in-person meeting where we take a recorded statement from their driver. When they say it is against company policy to do that, and we respond that it is against our firm policy to consent to a recorded statement without reciprocity. What’s good for the goose is good for the gander.

• Preserve all physical evidence.

Do not repair your vehicle until it has been photographed and, if necessary, inspected by an accident reconstructionist. If the clothes and shoes you were wearing were damaged or blood-soaked, preserve them without cleaning until the case is over.

• Contact a Georgia personal injury attorney before the 24-hour mark.

Early attorney involvement allows your legal team to send spoliation letters to promptly begin collection of evidence. Many Atlanta gas stations, traffic cameras, and businesses overwrite footage within 24–72 hours. The at-fault driver may work for a company that is required to maintain electronic and other records that may be “lost” in absence of a prompt request for preservation.

Common Mistakes That Can Hurt Your Atlanta Accident Claim

• Waiting to see a doctor.

Symptoms of whiplash, concussion, and internal injury routinely emerge 24–48 hours after a crash. A gap between the accident and your first medical visit gives the defense attorney a ready-made argument that your injuries were caused by something else entirely.

• Posting about the accident on social media.

Lawyers often joke about social media serving a self-surveillance, saving the other side’s insurance company the trouble. Defense counsel in Georgia routinely subpoenas social media records. Some find ways to obtain your social media posts without permission or a formal request. Amateur photos of vehicles and injuries may be of poor quality. Photos of normal recreational and social activities with even a forced smile can be used against you. Even an innocuous update — “I’m okay, just shaken up” — can be used to minimize your injury claim.

• Accepting a quick settlement offer.

Insurers sometimes contact accident victims within hours with a fast, low offer. Once you sign a release, you permanently surrender your right to seek additional compensation, even if your injuries turn out to be far more serious than initially apparent.

• Failing to report the accident to your own insurer promptly.

Virtually all Georgia auto insurance policies require timely notification of any accident. Delayed reporting can jeopardize your own uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, which may be critical if the at-fault driver carries minimal policy limits.

• Assuming the police report settles the fault question.

In decades as lawyers, we may have seen one or two police reports that were 100% correct in every detail. Officers make preliminary determinations under time pressure at busy Atlanta crash scenes. A police report is not a binding legal finding. An experienced attorney can overcome inaccuracies with independent evidence.

What Compensation Is Available After an Atlanta Car Accident?

When a person is injured due to the fault of another, a court may award monetary damages as compensation for the injury done. This may include:

• Necessary Expenses.  Medical, hospital, doctor, and nursing bills, travel expense, household help, etc., past and future.
• Income Loss. Past and future loss of income of the person injured, but generally not the income loss of uninjured family members. You must have evidence upon which to reasonably calculate income loss. Future income loss is reduced to present cash value. Problems sometimes often arise where the injured person is not employed at the time of injury, or is self-employed in a trade or business and has not yet established a record of profitability. It is very important to recognize that jurors are likely to be far more sympathetic to a person who makes a valiant effort to return to some sort of work despite an injury-related disability, than with a person who they see as “using” an injury to stay out of work.
• Pain & Suffering may include:
  • Physical pain.
  • Mental suffering, including anxiety, shock, worry, and loss of capacity to work, accompanying a physical injury.
  • The only measure of value of pain and suffering is “the enlightened conscience of an impartial jury.”
  • Georgia does not have an arbitrary statutory cap on pain & suffering awards.
• Loss of Consortium. The injured person’s spouse has a claim for loss of marital society, companionship, consortium & services. No, it’s not just sex, as anyone who has cared for a grievously ill or injured spouse for years can clearly attest.
• Punitive Damages. Under Georgia law, to obtain an award of punitive damages, the plaintiff must present clear and convincing evidence of willful misconduct, malice, fraud, wantonness, oppression, or that entire want of care which would raise a presumption of conscious indifference to consequences. The purpose of punitive damages is to penalize, punish or deter the defendant.
• In tort cases generally, punitive damages in Georgia are limited to $250,000, unless the defendant had a specific intent to cause harm. That is difficult to prove in automobile accident cases.
• Damages awarded as compensation for personal injury and wrongful death are not taxed. If a settlement is paid in a lump sum, income earned thereafter on the settlement funds is taxed. If a settlement is paid with a “structured settlement” annuity all annuity payments are exempt from taxation.

The attorneys at Johnson & Ward have successfully represented seriously injured Georgians across all of these damage categories for more than 75 years, including victims of traumatic brain injury, [INTERNAL LINK: /brain-injury] spinal cord damage, and catastrophic burns. The value of any individual claim depends on the specific facts, but early legal intervention consistently produces better outcomes than waiting.

How Johnson & Ward Can Help After Your Atlanta Car Accident

Johnson & Ward has represented injured Georgians since 1949, focused personal injury experience in Atlanta and across the state. Senior counsel Ken Shigley is a past president of the State Bar of Georgia and holds triple board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy in civil trial advocacy, civil practice, and truck accident law, a unique combination of credentials among Georgia lawyers. When you contact our firm, we move immediately: sending evidence preservation letters, retaining accident reconstruction experts when needed, and building the evidentiary record that Georgia courts expect.

Call us today at 404-253-7862 for a free consultation, or complete our online contact form at atlantainjurylawyer.com. The sooner you reach out, the more options we have to protect your claim.

Frequently Asked Questions: Car Accidents in Georgia

Q: How long do I have to file a car accident lawsuit in Georgia?

A: Georgia gives most car accident victims two years from the date of the crash to file a personal injury lawsuit under O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33. Missing this deadline permanently bars your claim. If the at-fault party is a government entity, a shorter ante litem notice deadline of six or twelve months may apply.

Q: Do I need a lawyer after a car accident in Atlanta if the other driver was clearly at fault?

A: Yes. Even when fault appears clear, Georgia’s modified comparative fault system allows insurers to dispute liability and reduce your payout. An attorney secures evidence before it disappears, prevents you from making damaging statements, and negotiates against adjusters trained to minimize settlements. Early legal representation typically produces significantly better outcomes than handling a claim alone.

Q: How much is my Atlanta car accident claim worth?

A: Georgia car accident claims vary based on injury severity, medical costs, lost income, and fault allocation. Compensation can include medical bills, ongoing treatment, lost wages, pain and suffering, etc. A free consultation with a Georgia personal injury attorney gives you a realistic assessment of your specific claim.

Q: What happens if I already gave a recorded statement to the insurance company?

A: A recorded statement given to an adverse insurer can be used to limit or deny your claim, but it does not automatically end your case. Contact a Georgia personal injury attorney immediately. An experienced lawyer can assess what was said, counter it with independent evidence, and take over all further communications with the insurer on your behalf.

Written by the attorneys at Johnson & Ward | Reviewed by Ken Shigley, past president of the State Bar of Georgia and NBTA board-certified civil trial attorney

This article is provided for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Reading this post does not create an attorney-client relationship. Consult a licensed Georgia attorney regarding the specific facts of your case.

I have tried serious injury cases for over forty years. Years ago, I saw terribly low verdicts for catastrophic harm. More recently, we have seen eight-figure verdicts that would have shocked judges when I was a puppy lawyer. What changed?

Insurance defense folks in their seminars have used phrases like “nuclear verdicts.” That makes it sound reckless or irrational. But in my experience, most juries take their job seriously. They discuss seriously the facts of the case and legal principles on which the judge instructs them.

They also bring into the jury room their experience in the world in which we live.

Here are ten reasons verdicts have grown.

1. Big Numbers Don’t Shock People Like They Used To

Inflation has reshaped expectations. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics tracks the steady rise in consumer prices through the Consumer Price Index. Citizens who wind up on juries see that in real time every time they buy groceries, gas, or homes.

They hear news reports of tycoons and even some politicians reaping billions on wild-sounding deals in technology, crytocurrency, etc. The “b word” (billion) seems little more fanciful than the “m word” (million) did 50 years ago.

When an economist projects $6 or $8 million over a lifetime of care, it no longer sounds imaginary. It sounds expensive but credible.

2. Medicine Keeps People Alive But At a Cost

When I was growing up, the ambulance arriving at a wreck scene was often operated by the funeral home.  The after-school and weekend job of one of my high school classmates was to drive the “meat wagon.” There was no first responder training and no paramedic on the scene to stabilize a catastrophically injured person. Too often, they just went straight to the funeral home. 

Many catastrophic injuries were fatal. Today, emergency medicine and advanced trauma care and rehabilitation save lives. But survival comes at a price. Often, it requires decades of structured support. Life care planners build detailed projections based on medical research and standards published through sources like the National Institutes of Health.

Jurors understand that survival without resources can mean suffering. They award money to fund stability.

3. Corporate Trust Has Eroded

Public trust in major institutions has declined over the years since Watergate. Surveys from the Pew Research Center  egularly document this trend.

When  internal documents and emails show ignored safety complaints or cost-cutting decisions, jurors can easily connect it to a broader narrative about profit over people. That matters in the jury room with rules-oriented jurors who distrust institutions.

In planning mock jury focus groups, we have often deliberately limited the group to the most politically and socially conservative people. They have surprised us by coming up with numbers much higher than a mock jury that represented a broader cross-section of the population.

4. Safety Rules Are Clear and Public

In trucking, aviation, medicine, and manufacturing, safety standards are spelled out in black and white. For example, commercial motor carriers operate under federal rules issued by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, which are simply explained in the Commercial Drivers License Manual. Commercial truck drivers and safety managers have no credible way to deny those are the industry standards they are supposed to follow.

Clear rules make liability feel concrete. When a company violates a clear safety rule, jurors see it not as just an accident but a deliberate and unsafe choice.

5. Social Media Changed the Background Noise

Years ago, corporate misconduct stayed local. Today, bad news travels fast. Anything that makes news anywhere seems local and immediate. Jurors have watched stories about defective products, data breaches, and regulatory failures. That background shapes how they interpret evidence. Jurors do not enter the courtroom empty-headed.

6. Trial Lawyers Tell the Story Differently Now

Modern trial strategy focuses on safety and preventability. Lawyers talk not about sympathy but about common sense safety  rules and how small decisions cascade into harm.

7. Anchoring Influences Damage Awards

When a lawyer suggests a specific figure for pain and suffering, that number becomes a reference point. Jurors may reduce it, but they rarely ignore it. Anchoring is not just  manipulation. It is human cognition at work. Psychologists have long studied how framing affects judgment. The concept of cognitive “anchoring” is well established, including in research summarized by the American Psychological Association.

The Georgia legislature in its latest “tort reform” tried to stop anchoring by enacting OCGA § 9-10-184, which provides, “ In the trial of a civil action for personal injuries, counsel shall be allowed to argue the worth or monetary value of pain and suffering to the jury; provided, however, that any such argument shall conform to the evidence or reasonable deductions from the evidence in the case.”

In legislative debate, politicians talked about stopping lawyers from analogizing to the price of paintings and race horses. However, an experienced trial lawyer has no need to talk about such crudely irrelevant distractions. A good advocate can easily suggest to jurors a way to calculate value based on the evidence and reasonable deductions. Nearly two decades ago, I gave jurors a methodology tied to the evidence and linked to reality in their rural county through which they calculated a verdict a million dollars more than I asked for.

8. Younger Jurors View Institutions Differently

Now on the senior end of the generation gap, I have seen several times how generational shifts are real. Many younger jurors grew up during the financial crisis, corporate scandals, and rising inequality. They carry student debt. They have seen layoffs. They question concentrated power more readily.

This does not mean they are anti-business. It means they may weigh accountability differently than their parents or grandparents.

9. Transparency About Corporate Wealth

Public companies disclose executive compensation and financial performance through filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. We all see news reports about individuals making billions on crypto or a tech tycoon closing in on a trillion dollars net worth, it registers. Even billboards for the lottery touting jackpots over a billion dollars feeds the idea that it could happen to them. At some level, all that registers. When jurors see astronomical CEO bonuses alongside safety violations, they calibrate verdicts accordingly.

A verdict that once seemed massive may now feel proportional.

10. Preventable Harm Sparks Moral Reaction

The most significant driver of large verdicts is not sympathy but preventability.

An impaired or fatigued trucker. A manufacturer that ignored a recall warning. A hospital that brushed aside red flags. When jurors conclude, “This did not have to happen,” damages climb. Moral judgment is powerful. It always has been but now it carries a bigger price tag.

Large verdicts do not come from thin air. They usually arise from clear liability and serious, permanent harm. Venue still matters. Facts matter more. I have seen conservative rural counties return modest verdicts in serious cases and urban juries surprise plaintiffs with restraint. But I have also seen the opposite, surprisingly adequate verdicts in the most conservative venues.

Money is the only remedy our civil system offers. Jurors know that. They cannot undo a spinal cord injury or restore a dead child. They can only assign responsibility in dollars.

After decades in the courtroom, I recognize that modern verdicts reflect modern expectations about safety, accountability, and dignity. When people on a jury believe a company or individual chose risk over safety, they are not afraid to respond firmly.

Ken Shigley, senior counsel at Johnson & Ward, Atlanta’s oldest personal injury specialty law firm, is a former president of the State Bar of Georgia. He was the first Georgia lawyer to earn three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy: Truck Accident Law, Civil Trial Practice, and Civil Pretrial Practice. He was the lead author of eleven editions of Georgia Law of Torts: Trial Preparation and Practice, and received the Traditions of Excellence Award from the State Bar of Georgia General Practice and Trial Section. B.A., Furman University; J.D., Emory University Law School; Certificates in mediation and negotiation, Harvard Law School. He began his career as an Assistant District Attorney, then worked a decade in an insurance defense law firm before entering plaintiffs’ practice.

1. Inadequate insurance on Georgia log trucks.

Georgia law requires only $100,000 liability insurance for 18-wheeler log trucks with tree-length timber that operate only within Georgia’s state lines. This is grossly inadequate for catastrophic injury and wrongful death cases. Through decades of experience, we have found ways to locate other insurance coverages and multiply the potential recovery. In a recent log truck case in rural Georgia, we recovered sixteen times the truck’s insurance policy limit—$1.6 million—although the coverage on the truck was only $100,000.

2. Visual confusion of overlength loads in Georgia log truck accidents.

Drivers approaching an overlength log load from the rear confront a lot of visual confusion as the load extends far beyond the end of the trailer. Often, the end of a load of logs bounces around, almost dragging on the pavement and obscuring the taillights of the trailer. The fancy word for this is “conspicuity.” This is especially dangerous in twilight or dark, too often causing impalement or beheading of an innocent person in a following vehicle.  We have had numerous cases where a load of logs extending twenty feet or more behind a trailer impaled the vehicle of an innocent driver.

3. Log load swing out on turns.

Another hazard is when an extended load of logs swings out in a turn. We had a case in which a log truck driver in predawn darkness was making a U-turn on a divided four-lane highway. The extended load of logs formed a black fence in the dark across a traffic lane. The grisly results of such accidents are all too predictable.

4. Inadequate Georgia log trucking safety rules.

Log trucks operating solely within the state lines of Georgia are subject to the Georgia Forest Products Trucking Rules, not the stricter Federal Motor Carrier Safety Rules. These state rules were written by representatives of the logging industry in a way to avoid citations and prosecutions for unsafe practices. There is no specific rule on one of the greatest hazards, tree-length logs hanging twenty feet or more off the end of a trailer on highways. Through long experience, we have found ways to layer the federal rules and other industry materials with expert testimony from retired loggers with many years of experience to support a standard of safety that is more reasonable than the minimal, lax state regulations.

5. Weak enforcement of Georgia’s weak log truck safety rules.

Georgia law requires both a red flag and a red light on the extreme end of the load must be plainly visible from 500 feet to the rear and sides. While some sort of light is usually hung at the end of the load, it is rarely visible more than about fifty 50 feet behind the truck on the highway. Often when following log trucks, you may see the required light is weak, flickering, with a loose bulb, poor wiring, and poorly maintained. The red flags are often extremely dirty, stained, and barely visible.

The same is true about side reflectors, which are required on log trailers to make them visible to drivers approaching from the side at night. The reflectors are often thickly covered with mud, damaged, or missing. With few trucking safety enforcement officers spread thin across the state, enforcement is rare.

6.  Inadequate training of Georgia log truck drivers.

Due to low qualification requirements and low pay, log truck drivers are often the least trained and qualified truck drivers on the road. Log truck drivers can be 18 rather than 21, and with only a brief Commercial Driver’s License training course that covers nothing about the unique hazards of log trucks. They are often nice people but are not well trained. The basic Commercial Driver’s License training does not cover anything about extended-length loads of logs or the need to make sure logs are cut shorter for safety. In one recent fatality case, the log truck driver was a recent immigrant from Guatemala who had been driving a truck only a short time and had no training about the specifics of log truck safety.

7. Unconscious bias of rural law enforcement officers in favor of log truck operators.

Nearly all log truck operators, drivers, and crashes are in rural counties where the forest products industry is a major part of the local economy. Everyone in the county – including law enforcement officers and potential jurors — grows accustomed to seeing objectively unsafe practices in log truck operations, so they think the danger is normal. Law enforcement officers and potential jurors in those counties are likely to have friends and relatives who are timber producers and haulers. Knowing this is hard labor, it is only human to be sympathetic to the log truck operator. We are alert to ways of dealing with unconscious bias and overcoming it.

8. Inadequate training of law enforcement officers responding to log truck crashes in Georgia.

Even if they are not biased in favor of log truck operators because a friend or relative is one, the rural deputy sheriffs who most often respond to log truck crashes have not been trained on the inadequate Forest Products Trucking Rules. They don’t know that a light in the rear of the load must be clearly visible from 500 feet. They don’t know how many reflectors must be clearly visible on the side of a trailer. They don’t know to ask who loaded the trailer or where they are hauling the logs to. Because they are not trained in this, they do not get a lot of critical information or take the right photos at the scene. At Johnson & Ward, through long experience we have found ways to ferret out critical information that officers not adequately trained in log truck safety do not know to look for.

8. Unfavorable venues for Georgia log truck accident cases.

Lawsuits must be filed in the county where a defendant resides. Logging operators almost always reside in rural counties where the forest products industry is dominant and most jurors have friends and relatives who work in that industry, so they are accustomed to seeing unsafely overloaded log trucks every day. Their sympathies lie with the log truck operator. At Johnson & Ward, through long experience we have succeeded in securing venue in urban counties where judges and jurors can view unsafe log truck operations with fresh eyes.

If a tragic log truck accident has impacted you or your family, contact us today. Let our experience work for you.

How do I choose the right personal injury law firm in Atlanta?

The most important factors are experience with serious injury cases, professional leadership, trial credentials, and legal expertise, not advertising. Look for a firm with a long track record, board-certified trial lawyers, and attorneys recognized by peers for leadership and scholarship.

Does a law firm’s age or longevity matter in personal injury cases?

Yes. A firm that has practiced personal injury law for decades has experience with changing laws, insurance tactics, and jury expectations. Longevity indicates sustained results, institutional knowledge, and trust earned over generations of clients.

What is board certification in personal injury law?

Board certification is an independent credential awarded after rigorous testing, peer review, and verified trial experience. Certification by the National Board of Trial Advocacy confirms advanced skill in trial advocacy and complex injury litigation.

Why does professional leadership matter when hiring an injury lawyer?

Lawyers elected to leadership roles in bar associations are recognized by peers for judgment, ethics, and competence. Leadership experience often correlates with credibility in court and insight into legal trends that affect case outcomes.

Does it matter if a personal injury lawyer writes or teaches law?

Yes. Lawyers who author legal treatises or teach continuing education are often consulted by other attorneys. Legal scholarship signals deep subject-matter expertise and familiarity with evolving tort law.

Are billboard and TV lawyers as effective as trial-focused firms?

Advertising visibility does not equal trial experience. Many heavily advertised firms resolve cases quickly, while trial-focused firms prepare cases for jury verdicts, which can significantly affect value in serious injury cases.

What types of cases require the most experienced personal injury lawyers?

Cases involving traumatic brain injury, spinal injury, burns, wrongful death, trucking crashes, amputations, and other catastrophic harms benefit most from board-certified trial lawyers with extensive litigation experience.

When faced with the aftermath of an accident or personal injury from a car or truck accident or criminal assault, selecting the right law firm can make a significant difference in the outcome of your case. In Atlanta, Georgia, where personal injury law is a highly competitive field, some law firms have gained notoriety with flashy billboards and TV advertising. But it’s essential to consider substantive factors that should influence your decision in choosing representation for your case of back injury, brain injury, burn injury, wrongful death, or other serious personal injury.

The firm of Johnson & Ward stands out in this landscape is one that has been serving personal injury clients since 1949, boasting a rich history and a commitment to excellence. In making such an important choice, it is important to explore the key factors to consider when choosing a personal injury law firm, with a focus on longevity, leadership, certifications, diversity in experience, and publications.

Longevity: Trust Built Over 77 Years

One of the first indicators of a reputable personal injury law firm is its longevity. Johnson & Ward has been in operation since it was established as Atlanta’s first personal injury specialty law firm 77 years ago in 1949. For a firm to survive and thrive so long demonstrates not only an ability to adapt to changing laws and societal norms but also its commitment to generations of clients.

Any firm that survives and prospers has earned a reputation within the community and the legal field, which can be critical when seeking justice for your personal injury claim. Longevity often reflects a wealth of experience in handling a variety of cases, providing you with the confidence that your attorney has seen and navigated many situations similar to yours.

Professional Leadership: Recognized Expertise

A history of professional leadership by members of a law firm can greatly influence its effectiveness. Johnson & Ward includes former presidents of both the State Bar of Georgia and the Atlanta Bar Association. These leadership roles not only demonstrate a high level of respect from peers but also indicate a deep understanding of legal practices and ethics. When attorneys are actively involved in the legal community, they are often more informed about changes in legislation, judicial trends, and best practices, which can be advantageous for your case.

National Certifications: A Mark of Excellence

Certifications can provide additional assurance of an attorney’s capabilities. Partnering with a firm whose lawyers hold national board certifications from organizations like the National Board of Trial Advocacy (NBTA) is a strong indicator of their proficiency in trial advocacy. These certifications require rigorous testing and peer evaluations, ensuring that the attorneys have met high standards of skill and knowledge in personal injury law. When you choose a firm with nationally certified attorneys, you can be confident that you are receiving representation from professionals who are recognized for their expertise in the field.

Diversity in Ages and Experience Levels

Another crucial factor in selecting a personal injury law firm is the diversity of its team in terms of age and experience. A firm that includes both the experience of highly seasoned attorneys and the energy of younger lawyers can offer a balanced approach to legal representation. Experienced lawyers can provide valuable insights and mentorship, while younger attorneys may bring fresh perspectives and innovative strategies. This blend can be particularly advantageous in personal injury cases, where creativity in argument and approach can lead to favorable outcomes. Moreover, a diverse team can better empathize with clients from various backgrounds, enhancing communication and understanding throughout the legal process.

Publications and Thought Leadership

A law firm whose members contribute to legal publications or engage in thought leadership demonstrates its commitment to staying at the forefront of personal injury law. Look for firms whose attorneys write articles, participate in seminars, or contribute to legal journals. Johnson & Ward includes a past chair of the Institute for Continuing Legal Education in Georgia, the lead author of eleven annual editions of Georgia Law of Torts: Trial Preparation & Practice (2010-21). These activities indicate not only a depth of knowledge but also a willingness to share information and educate others in the field. An attorney who is actively engaged in writing and speaking about personal injury law is likely to be well-informed about the latest trends and developments, which can be beneficial for your case.

Conclusion: Making an Informed Choice

Choosing the right personal injury law firm in Atlanta requires careful consideration of several factors. A firm with a long-standing history, recognized leadership, national certifications, a diverse team, and a commitment to thought leadership can provide you with the expertise and support necessary for navigating your personal injury case. By taking the time to research and evaluate potential firms based on these criteria, you can make an informed decision that enhances your chances of achieving a favorable outcome. Remember, the right attorney will not only represent your interests in court but will also be a compassionate advocate during a challenging chapter in your life.

Last update: January 19, 2026

Written by Ken Shigley, senior counsel at Johnson & Ward. He is a former president of the State Bar of Georgia, earned three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy, and was lead author of eleven editions of Georgia Law of Torts: Trial Preparation & Practice.

Vagus nerve injuries represent a medically recognized but frequently underdiagnosed consequence of motor vehicle collisions. High-velocity acceleration–deceleration forces, cervical hyperextension, and thoracic compression can stretch or impair vagal fibers as they traverse the neck and chest.

Damage to the vagus nerve may result in autonomic dysregulation affecting cardiovascular control, gastrointestinal motility, swallowing, and blood pressure regulation. These injuries often present with delayed onset and multi-system symptoms, requiring expert medical testimony to establish causation and permanence.

From a litigation perspective, vagus nerve injuries demand careful correlation between crash biomechanics, clinical findings, autonomic testing, and long-term functional impairment.

What is the Vagus Nerve?

The vagus nerve is one of the most important nerves in our body. It is a cable of nerve fibers with branches in nearly every organ and shoots in the brain. It is part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls things we don’t think about, like breathing and heart rate. It has an important but often misunderstood role in mental health. The name “vagus” comes from the Latin word for “wandering,” because this nerve travels all around the body. It connects the brain to various organs, including the heart, lungs, and digestive system. It helps us detect rising blood pressure, a racing heart, stomachache, discomfort, an overzealous immune system and even alarm calls from microbes in our gut.

Each side of the vagus nerve has up to 100,000 fibers. Each  fiber contributes to a specific function: heart rate, breathing, immunity, gut contractions that help to digest food, and speech. About 80 percent of vagal nerve fibers are afferent, reporting to the brain about the state of the body; the rest are efferent, carrying instructions down from the brain.

When the vagus nerve works well, it helps keep our body in balance. It can regulate the heart rate and help with digestion. But if the vagus nerve gets injured, it can cause problems.

Though the vagus nerve was first identified nearly 2,000 years ago, scientists began to discover its vital role in modulating the immune system and promoting neuroplasticity — the brain’s ability to build new neural connections — within the past few decades. Current medical research includes exploration of the effectiveness of electric stimulation of the vagus nerve — a neurological “superhighway” that connects the brain to the rest of the body — to treat a wide variety of diseases, including heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety and depression disorders, ischemic stroke, diabetes, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression. 

How Does a Car Accident Cause Vagus Nerve Injuries?

In an automobile accident, there are many ways someone can get hurt. The force from a collision can cause sudden movements of the head and neck, which may lead to injuries. Sometimes, the impact can stretch or damage the vagus nerve. Here are some common reasons why the vagus nerve gets injured in car accidents:

1. Whiplash is is a common injury in car crashes. When a car suddenly stops, the head can jerk forward and then backward quickly. This rapid movement can strain the neck muscles and damage the vagus nerve.

2. Direct Impact.  If someone hits their chest or neck during a crash, it may directly injure the vagus nerve. This can happen if the steering wheel or seatbelt causes trauma.

3. Seatbelt Injuries. While seatbelts save lives, they can also cause injuries. If the seatbelt is too tight during a collision, it can compress the vagus nerve, leading to problems.

Symptoms of Vagus Nerve Injuries

When the vagus nerve is injured, it can cause various symptoms. These may vary from person to person, but here are some common signs to watch for:

Heart Problems. Since the vagus nerve helps control the heart, injuries can lead to irregular heartbeats or a rapid heart rate.

Digestive Issues and vagus nerve. People may experience problems like nausea, vomiting, or changes in appetite.

Difficulty Swallowing After Vagus Nerve Injury. Some individuals might find it hard to swallow food or drink, which can be very uncomfortable.

Syncope, Fainting or Dizziness After Vagus Nerve Injury.  An injured vagus nerve can cause sudden drops in blood pressure, leading to fainting or feeling dizzy.

If you or someone you know has been in a car accident and experiences these symptoms, it’s important to seek medical help right away.

How is a Vagus Nerve Injury Diagnosed?

Doctors use several methods to diagnose vagus nerve injuries. Here are some common steps they might take:

1. Medical History. The doctor will ask about the accident and any symptoms you are experiencing.

2. Physical Exam. A  physical exam can help the doctor check for any signs of nerve damage.

3. Imaging Tests.  Sometimes, doctors use MRI or CT scans to look at the neck and chest area for any injuries.

4. Nerve Function Tests.  These tests help determine how well the vagus nerve is working and if there is any damage.

Treatment Options for Vagus Nerve Injuries

If someone is diagnosed with a vagus nerve injury, there are several treatment options available. The right choice depends on the severity of the injury. Here are some common treatments:

1. Physical Therapy for Vagus Nerve Injury. Working with a physical therapist can help strengthen the neck muscles and improve movement.

2. Medications for Vagus Nerve Injury. Doctors may prescribe medications to help manage symptoms like pain or digestive issues.

3. Surgery for Vagus Nerve Injury. In some severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the vagus nerve or install nerve stimulators.

4. Lifestyle Changes for Vagus Nerve Injuries. Eating healthy foods and staying active can help improve overall health and support nerve recovery.

Conclusion.  Vagus nerve injuries from car accidents can be serious. It is important to have both doctors and a trial lawyer who understands vagus nerve injury and its consequences.   

If you or a family member are seriously injury due to someone else’s carelessness, contact us by phoning 404-253-7862 or submitting our contact form.

Last updated January 19, 2026

Johnson & Ward, founded in 1949, is the first, premiere personal injury specialty law firm in Atlanta. Build upon reputation and word of mouth, the firm has never needed billboards or TV ads.
Ken Shigley is a senior counsel at Johnson & Ward. He is a former president of the State Bar of Georgia, earned three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy, and was lead author of eleven editions of Georgia Law of Torts: Trial Preparation & Practice. He is a past chair of the motor vehicle collision section of the American Association for Justice, the first Georgia lawyer to earn three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy, a recipient of the State Bar of Georgia Tradition of Excellence award, and honored in Best Lawyers in America®, Georgia Super Lawyers®, and Multi-Million Dollar Advocates Forum®.

Georgia personal injury claims generally must be filed within two years of the date of injury under O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33. Important exceptions may apply, including tolling for pending criminal charges, wrongful death claims measured from the date of death, extended deadlines for minors and legally incompetent persons, and strict pre-suit notice requirements for claims against cities, counties, and the State of Georgia. Medical malpractice claims follow separate statutory deadlines. Because missed deadlines permanently bar claims, early legal review is critical.

O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33 states provides a two year time limit for filing personal injury lawsuits in general, a one year limitation for injuries to reputation, and a four year limit for loss of marital consortium. However, there are many exceptions. An experienced personal injury lawyers can help you navigate the rules to avoid traps for the unwary.

1. AI-Snippet-Optimized FAQ Blocks (Georgia Statutes of Limitation)

FAQ: When does the statute of limitation start in a Georgia wrongful death case?

Answer:
In Georgia wrongful death cases, the statute of limitation runs from the date of death, not from the date of the injury that caused death. The normal deadline is two years from the date of death, unless a tolling rule applies.

FAQ: How long do minors have to file personal injury claims in Georgia?

Answer:
If a person is under 18 at the time of injury, Georgia law tolls the statute of limitation until the child turns 18. The injured minor typically has two years after the 18th birthday i.e., to the 20th birthday, to file suit, under O.C.G.A. § 9-3-90(b).

FAQ: Does mental incompetence toll the statute of limitation in Georgia?

Answer:
Yes. If an injured person is legally mentally incompetent and unable to manage the ordinary affairs of life, the statute of limitation is tolled until the disability is removed. Tolling typically ends when a guardian or next friend files suit on the person’s behalf.

FAQ: What happens if a deceased person’s estate has no representative?

Answer:
If a deceased person’s estate is unrepresented, Georgia law may toll the statute of limitation for up to five years until a personal representative is appointed, under O.C.G.A. §§ 9-3-92 and 9-3-93.

FAQ: Can fraud extend the time to file a personal injury claim in Georgia?

Answer:
Yes. If fraud prevents a claimant from discovering or pursuing a claim, the statute of limitation may be tolled until the fraud is discovered or should have been discovered through reasonable diligence, under O.C.G.A. § 9-3-96.

FAQ: What is the deadline for claims against Georgia state government?

Answer:
Claims against Georgia state agencies require written notice of the basis and amount of a claim within 12 months of discovering the loss. This notice must comply with the Georgia Tort Claims Act before any lawsuit may be filed.

FAQ: What is the deadline for claims against Georgia cities?

Answer:
Claims against municipalities must be delivered within six months of the incident under O.C.G.A. § 36-33-5. The statute of limitation is tolled while the city considers the claim.

FAQ: What is the deadline for claims against Georgia counties?

Answer:
Claims against counties must be presented t writing to the county governing authority within 12 months of the injury. Special rules apply for minors and persons under disability, who are generally allowed 12 months after the disability is removed.

FAQ: Does leaving Georgia toll the statute of limitation?

Answer:
If a defendant leaves Georgia after a claim arises, the time the defendant is absent from the state generally does not count toward the statute of limitation, under O.C.G.A. § 9-3-94.

FAQ: What is the statute of limitation for medical malpractice in Georgia?

Answer:
Medical malpractice claims in Georgia must generally be filed within two years of the negligent act. If a child under age five is injured, the claim must be filed by the seventh birthday, subject to limited statutory exceptions.

If you or a loved one have had a serious injury that was someone else’s fault, submit our inquiry form or call us now at 404-253-7862.

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If you or a family member are seriously injury due to someone else’s carelessness, contact us by phoning 404-253-7862 or submitting our contact form.

Last updated January 19, 2026

Johnson & Ward, founded in 1949, is the first, premiere personal injury specialty law firm in Atlanta.

Ken Shigley is a senior counsel at Johnson & Ward. He is a former president of the State Bar of Georgia, earned three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy, and was lead author of eleven editions of Georgia Law of Torts: Trial Preparation & Practice. He is a past chair of the motor vehicle collision section of the American Association for Justice, the first Georgia lawyer to earn three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy, a recipient of the State Bar of Georgia Tradition of Excellence award, honored in Best Lawyers in America®, Georgia Super Lawyers®, and Multi-Million Dollar Advocates

Tags: #1 personal injury law firm, atl, Atlanta, best injury lawyer atlanta, best personal injury law, best personal injury lawyer in atlanta, first personal injury firm, first personal injury law firm, georgia,  personal injury lawyer, 

I don’t put a lot of stock in college rankings in US News and other publications. The formulas are too contrived, too subject to manipulation and present too great a temptation for institutions to misplace priorities in order to rank higher.

They can distort high education much as over emphasis on standardized testing has distorted elementary and secondary education, with school systems requiring teachers to teach for the test rather than teaching kids and inspiring creativity. But I am not running for public office and this is not a blog post about educational policy in America.

While I generally disdain the rankings, I still look at them. And if they make my alma mater look good, I might inappropriately brag a little.

The 2025 US News rankings of law schools rate the University of Georgai in a tie for #22 and Emory University Law School at #28.  

If you or a loved one have suffered a spinal cord injury in an accident that was someone else’s fault, submit our inquiry form or call us now at 404-253-7862.

Updated January 19, 2026

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Johnson & Ward 

 Johnson & Ward, was the first personal injury specialty law firm in Georgia from its founding in 1949. The firm’s founders were also founders of the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association. Built upon traditional, word-of-mouth referrals from other professionals, the firm has never needed to advertise on TV or billboards. Firm alumni have served as judges of Fulton County Superior Court and the Court of Appeals of Georgia, and current partners include former  presidents of the Atlanta Bar Association and State Bar of Georgia.

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Ken Shigley, an Emory Law graduate and a partner at Johnson & Ward, is a former president of the State Bar of Georgia. In 2019, he received the “Tradition of Excellence Award” for lifetime achievement in the legal profession. Mr. Shigley was lead author of eleven annual editions of a book about Georgia’s civil trial practice. He was the first Georgia lawyer to earn three national board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy in trial practice and truck accident law. He graduated from Furman University and Emory University Law School. He also completed certificate programs in mediation and negotiation at Harvard Law School. A widower, he has two adult offspring. His son is a golf fitness trainer  and his daughter works in hospice with terminally ill patients. 

In our law practice over several decades , we have represented numerous SCI survivors. Most had benefited from rehabilitation services at Shepherd Center or Emory Rehabilitation Hospital, both of which are near us in Atlanta. All of these clients were injured in motor vehicle crashes or falls. One client who had been a high-powered government executive before an accident made him  quadriplegic initially  wanted to just turn his face to the wall and die, but after rehab he used funds from his settlement to equip himself to write books and begin a second career in college teaching. Another was a young woman in college who went on to teach elementary school in a wheelchair, participate in adaptive sports, move west on her own, and become Ms. Wheelchair California. 

Spinal cord injuries (SCI)

are among the most devastating physical injuries one can suffer. We have had SCI clients whose first reaction was to wish for death rather than life with paralysis.

Spinal cord injury paralysis occurs when there is damage to the spinal cord, which is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves that runs from the base of the brain down to the lower back. The spinal cord is responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body, and damage to the spinal cord can result in a loss of neurological function.

The degree of neurological function loss depends on the location and severity of the spinal cord injury. In general, spinal cord injury paralysis can result in a range of symptoms, including loss of sensation, loss of movement, loss of bowel or bladder control, sexual dysfunction, and breathing difficulties.

The location of the spinal cord injury determines which parts of the body are affected. A spinal cord injury that occurs in the cervical (neck) region will typically result in tetraplegia (also known as quadriplegia), which is paralysis of all four limbs and the torso. A spinal cord injury that occurs in the thoracic (chest) region or below will typically result in paraplegia, which is paralysis of the lower limbs and the lower half of the body. Symptoms include loss of sensation,  loss if movement, loss of bowel or bladder control, sexual  dysfunction, and breathing difficulties.

Diagnosis of SCI usually begins with paramedics at an accident scene or with emergency physicians and nurses in a hospital emergency department. Neurological screening in the triage process usually picks up on severe SCI pretty quickly. However, sometimes a developing SCI is initially subtle in the context of other injuries sustained in a crash. The diagnosis of spinal cord injury (SCI) typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Along with triage, stabilizing the patient, the medical team  will perform a thorough physical examination to assess the patient’s neurological function, including muscle strength, sensation, and reflexes. This may include a rectal exam to check for any loss of bowel or bladder control, which can be indicative of SCI.

Diagnostic tests may include:

– X-rays: X-rays can help identify fractures or dislocations in the spine.

– CT scan: A CT scan can provide detailed images of the spine and help identify any damage to the spinal cord.

– MRI: An MRI can provide even more detailed images of the spinal cord and surrounding tissues, and can help identify the location and extent of the injury.

– Electromyography (EMG): EMG can help evaluate the electrical activity of muscles and nerve cells in the limbs, and may be used to assess the extent of nerve damage.

Family members of SCI victims often must be advocates for the patient, firmly but respectfully pressing medical personnel and insurance companies to approve transfer to a top SCI rehabilitation center such as Shepherd or Emory in Atlanta. Such transfers may depend upon bed availability and meeting medical criteria of stabilization for admission.

Once SCI victims are admitted to a rehabilitation facility, family members may be included in treatment team meetings. As your attorneys, we are available to accompany you, with permission, to begin coordinating with the treatment team in evaluating the patient’s longterm financial needs and how we may assist in meeting those needs. This is the beginning of development of a life care plan that we may present in litigation. We listen first, build rapport, and then ask questions about points we need to effectively advocate for the SCI victim.

Medical treatment for spinal cord injuries may include  medication, surgery, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and  assistive devices such as wheelchairs, braces, etc.

Medication

Medications can play an important role in the treatment of spinal cord injuries by managing pain, reducing inflammation, preventing infections, and improving neurological function. The specific medications used will depend on the individual patient’s needs and the specifics of their injury.

Pain management is a critical aspect of treating spinal cord injuries, and medications such as opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxants may be prescribed to manage pain. However, the use of opioids must be carefully monitored due to the risk of addiction and other side effects.

Corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone may be used to reduce inflammation and swelling around the spinal cord, which can help preserve neurological function. These medications are typically administered within the first 8 hours after injury and may be continued for several days.

Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat infections, which can be a serious complication of spinal cord injuries. Bladder and bowel dysfunction are common after spinal cord injuries, and antibiotics may be used to prevent urinary tract infections and other infections that can occur due to the inability to empty the bladder properly.

Medications such as baclofen and tizanidine may be used to manage spasticity, which is a common complication of spinal cord injuries. These medications help to relax the muscles and reduce spasms.

In some cases, experimental medications may be used to promote nerve regeneration and improve neurological function. These medications may include growth factors, stem cells, or other drugs that have been shown to promote nerve growth and repair.

Surgery for spinal cord injuries can be divided into two main categories: decompression surgery and stabilization surgery.

Decompression surgery involves removing any material that is putting pressure on the spinal cord, such as bone fragments, herniated disks, or tumors. This type of surgery is aimed at preventing further damage to the spinal cord and potentially improving neurological function.

Stabilization surgery is used to stabilize the spine and prevent further damage. This may involve fusing two or more vertebrae together, using metal plates, screws, or rods to hold the spine in place. This type of surgery can also be used to correct spinal deformities that have resulted from the injury.

In some cases, a combination of decompression and stabilization surgery may be necessary. The goal of surgery is to prevent further damage to the spinal cord and potentially improve neurological function. However, the outcome of surgery is highly dependent on the severity of the injury and the individual patient’s response to treatment. Rehabilitation is often necessary after surgery to help the patient recover and regain as much function as possible.

If you or a loved one have suffered a spinal cord injury in an accident that was someone else’s fault, submit our inquiry form or call us now at 404-253-7862.

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Johnson & Ward 

 Johnson & Ward, established in 1949, was the first and best personal injury specialty law firm in Georgia. Founders of the firm were among the founders of the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association. The firm was built upon traditional, word-of-mouth referrals from other lawyers, so it has never needed to advertise on TV or billboards. Firm alumni have served as judges of trial and appellate courts, and current partners include former  presidents of the Atlanta Bar Association and State Bar of Georgia.

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Ken Shigley, a partner at Johnson & Ward, started in 1949, is a former president of the State Bar of Georgia. Mr. Shigley wrote eleven annual editions of a book about Georgia’s civil trial practice. He was the first Georgia lawyer to earn three national board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy in trial practice and truck accident law. In 2019, he received the “Tradition of Excellence Award” for lifetime achievement in the legal profession. He graduated from Furman University and Emory University Law School. He also completed certificate programs in negotiation and mediation at Harvard Law School. Mr. Shigley is a widower. His son is a golf fitness trainer in Atlanta and his daughter works with terminally ill people in hospice in New Hampshire. 

Post-concussion syndrome is a medically recognized aspect of brain injury in which symptoms such as headaches, memory problems, difficulty concentrating, emotional changes, dizziness, or seizures persist after a concussion—even when CT or MRI scans are normal. Medical authorities including the CDC and NIH recognize that these injuries can significantly affect daily functioning, employment, and quality of life following car and truck accidents.

Why Post-Concussion Syndrome Matters in Injury Cases

Post-concussion syndrome presents unique challenges because its effects are often invisible on imaging but measurable in real-world function. Cognitive limitations, emotional regulation issues, seizure risk, and navigation difficulties can materially affect employment, safety, and independence.

Accurate medical documentation from qualified specialists is essential to demonstrate the full impact of the injury over time.

What is post-concussion syndrome (PCS)?

Post-concussion syndrome is a condition in which symptoms from a concussion—such as headaches, memory problems, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, or emotional changes—persist for weeks or months after the initial injury, even when brain scans appear normal.

Can post-concussion syndrome occur if CT or MRI scans are normal?

Yes. Major medical organizations including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health recognize that concussion and post-concussion syndrome often do not appear on standard imaging studies.

What symptoms are common with post-concussion syndrome?

Symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, blurred vision, sensitivity to light or noise, memory and concentration problems, irritability, anxiety, depression, and changes in emotional control.

How long can post-concussion symptoms last?

While many people recover within weeks, some experience symptoms for months or longer. Recovery time varies depending on the injury, medical history, and access to appropriate treatment.

Can a concussion affect work, driving, or daily activities?

Yes. Cognitive slowing, attention problems, seizures, or spatial disorientation can interfere with work performance, driving, navigation, and independent living.

Are seizures a recognized complication after concussion?

Yes. Post-traumatic seizures are a recognized complication of brain injury and may occur even after a concussion. Medical evaluation by a neurologist is essential.

Why are concussion claims often undervalued after accidents?

Because concussion symptoms may be invisible on scans and fluctuate over time, insurers and others may underestimate their seriousness despite well-documented medical evidence of real functional impairment.

What type of medical care is important for post-concussion syndrome?

Evaluation and treatment by providers experienced in brain injury—such as neurologists, neuropsychologists, and rehabilitation programs like those associated with the Shepherd Center—are critical.

If you or a family member are seriously injury due to someone else’s carelessness, contact us by phoning 404-253-7862 or submitting our contact form.

Last updated January 19, 2026

Johnson & Ward, founded in 1949, is the first, premiere personal injury specialty law firm in Atlanta. Ken Shigley is a senior counsel at Johnson & Ward. He is a former president of the State Bar of Georgia, earned three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy, and was lead author of eleven editions of Georgia Law of Torts: Trial Preparation & Practice. He is a past chair of the motor vehicle collision section of the American Association for Justice, the first Georgia lawyer to earn three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy, a recipient of the State Bar of Georgia Tradition of Excellence award, honored in Best Lawyers in America®, Georgia Super Lawyers®, and Multi-Million Dollar Advocates Forum®.

After a car or truck accident in Georgia, call 911, obtain a police report, photograph the scene, and seek medical care even if injuries seem minor. Exchange insurance and contact information without admitting fault. Notify your own insurance company promptly, preserve all records, and follow medical advice. Georgia law generally allows two years to file an injury claim, but deadlines can vary. Early legal guidance can help protect your rights and avoid common insurance pitfalls.

What should I do first after a car or truck accident in Georgia?

Call 911 immediately. Georgia law enforcement officers prepare an official crash report, which is often essential for insurance claims and injury cases. Even if injuries seem minor, do not agree to handle the crash privately or accept cash at the scene.

Do I need a police report after a Georgia car accident?

Yes. A police report documents the parties involved, vehicle damage, witness information, and the officer’s observations. Insurance companies routinely rely on this report. In many cases, reports can be downloaded a few days later from BuyCrash.

Should I take photos after a Georgia car or truck accident?

Yes, if it is safe to do so. Photograph vehicle damage, license plates, road conditions, skid marks, and any company markings or DOT numbers on commercial trucks. Visual evidence can be critical in disputed claims.

What information should I exchange after a crash in Georgia?

Exchange names, contact information, driver’s license numbers, license plate numbers, and insurance details. Do not admit fault, argue, or exchange Social Security numbers.

Should I seek medical care even if my injuries seem minor?

Yes. Many injuries worsen hours or days after a crash. Accept emergency care if offered, and seek prompt medical evaluation even if symptoms initially seem mild. Accurate medical documentation is important for both treatment and insurance claims.

Do I have to notify my insurance company after an accident in Georgia?

Yes. Promptly notify your insurer, even if you believe the other driver was at fault. Georgia policies may include medical payments coverage and uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage that can apply early.

Should I give a recorded statement to the other driver’s insurance company?

No. You are not required to give a recorded statement to the at-fault driver’s insurer. Statements given early can be used to minimize or deny claims.

How long do I have to file an injury claim in Georgia?

In most Georgia personal injury cases, the statute of limitations is two years from the date of the accident. Certain circumstances can shorten or extend deadlines, so early legal advice is important.

When should I talk to a Georgia personal injury lawyer?

If you were injured, consulting a lawyer early can help protect your rights, preserve evidence, and ensure insurance coverage is properly used. Early guidance often prevents costly mistakes.

If you or a loved one have suffered a serious injury in a car or truck crash, submit our inquiry form or call us now at 404-253-7862.

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Johnson & Ward has been a leading personal injury and wrongful death specialty law firm in Atlanta since 1949. It quickly became the first and best personal injury law firm in Georgia. Successful with traditional word of mouth referrals, the firm has never needed to advertise on TV or billboards. You will never see us on a tacky billboard on the freeway. The founders of the firm were also among the founders of the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association. Current partners include former presidents of the State Bar of Georgia and the Atlanta Bar Association.

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Ken Shigley is a former president of the State Bar of Georgia (2011-12). He was the first Georgia lawyer to earn three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy (Civil Trial Advocacy, Civil Pretrial Advocacy, and Truck Accident Law). In 2019, he received the Traditions of Excellence Award for lifetime achievement. Mr. Shigley was the lead author of eleven editions of Georgia Law of Torts: Trial Preparation and Practice (Thomson Reuters, 2010-21). He graduated from Furman University and Emory University Law School, and completed certificate courses in trial practice, negotiation and mediation at Harvard Law School.  

As seasoned personal injury attorneys in Atlanta, over the years we have represented numerous people with serious hand fracture injuries. Our hands are the tool of tools, distinguishing humans from apes. If you work with your hands, your brain, and your heart, you are an artist, whether as a construction worker or a surgeon. The loving touch of a hand by a parent or a lover is essential for nonverbal communication.  Loss of full use of a hand can have devastating effects on productivity and quality of life.

Hand fractures are common injuries that can significantly impact one’s daily life and functionality. Whether it’s due to an auto or truck crash, a fall on dangerous premises, a defective product, a workplace accident, or a sports injury, hand fractures require prompt attention and appropriate treatment to ensure proper healing and restore optimal hand function.

Hand fractures can occur as a result of various causes. Some of the most common causes include:

1. Direct impacts: Falls and car and truck accidents often lead to hand fractures. Direct blows or forceful impacts on the hand can cause bones to break. We have seen many variations of this type of hand injury. Repeatedly over the years, we have represented people whose hands were broken through a variety of impacts in car and truck crashes.

•  Crush Injuries: Heavy objects falling onto the hand or getting caught in machinery can result in fractures. Crushing forces can cause bone fractures and damage surrounding tissues.

We have represented workers whose hands were crushed due to defects in the design or manufacture of machinery on which they were assigned to work. In one case, a carpet mill worker’s hand was drawn into a machine and crushed. We discovered that the manufacturer of carpet laminating equipment had disregarded instructions from the manufacturer of an emergency stop component.  The equipment manufacturer omitted the emergency cutoff from that side of machines and the e-stop on the other side was never connected. By the time a co-worker was able to turn off the machine, our client’s hand and arms had been crushed between rollers.

 3. Repetitive Stress: Certain repetitive motions or activities, such as those involved in certain types of work, can lead to stress fractures over time. These fractures typically occur due to overuse and inadequate rest periods.

Symptoms of Hand Fracture Injuries: Identifying the symptoms of hand fractures is crucial for early detection and appropriate medical intervention. Common signs and symptoms of hand fractures include:

1. Pain and Swelling: Fractures are typically accompanied by localized pain and swelling. The affected area may become tender and sensitive to touch.

2. Deformity: Hand fractures can cause visible deformity, such as misalignment or angulation of fingers or hand bones. The affected area may appear crooked or visibly out of place.

3. Limited Range of Motion: Fractures can restrict the normal range of motion of the hand and fingers. Inability to move fingers or hand joints, or experiencing pain while attempting to do so, may indicate a fracture.

Treatment Options for Hand Fracture Injuries: The treatment of hand fractures depends on various factors, including the type and location of the fracture, as well as the severity of the injury. Common treatment options for hand fractures include:

1. Immobilization: In cases of stable fractures or minor injuries, immobilization may be sufficient for healing. This involves applying a splint, cast, or brace to immobilize the hand and promote proper bone alignment.

2. Hand surgery aims to restore proper alignment, stability, and function to the fractured bones and surrounding structures.

1. Open Reduction: During surgery, an open reduction is performed to realign the broken bones. The surgeon makes an incision near the fracture site to access the bones directly. They manipulate the bones back into their proper position, ensuring alignment and stability.
2.  Internal Fixation: Once the bones are aligned, internal fixation techniques are used to hold the fracture in place while it heals. This may involve the use of screws, plates, wires, or pins, depending on the location and complexity of the fracture. These devices provide stability and support to facilitate proper healing.
3.  External Fixation: In certain cases, external fixation may be employed. This involves the use of pins or wires inserted into the bone above and below the fracture, which are then connected to an external frame. The frame holds the bones in alignment during the healing process.

1.  Bone Grafting: If there is significant bone loss or a gap between the fractured bone ends, bone grafting may be necessary. In this procedure, bone tissue is taken from another part of the body (autograft) or sourced from a donor (allograft) to fill the gap and promote bone regeneration.
2.  Soft Tissue Repair: Hand fractures often involve damage to the surrounding soft tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, or nerves. During surgery, the surgeon may repair these structures to ensure proper healing and restore hand function.

 Rehabilitation: Once a hand fracture is stabilized, rehabilitation plays a vital role in restoring hand function. Physical therapy exercises, which are often quite painful on the path to healing, help improve range of motion, strength, and flexibility. Hand therapy may also include techniques to reduce swelling and manage pain. In injury litigation, we have found the testimony of a good hand physical therapist is often essential for explaining clearly what the patient endured. Physical therapy for hand fractures generally includes:

1. Range of Motion Exercises: After a hand fracture, the affected hand may experience stiffness and limited range of motion. Physical therapists design specific exercises to gradually increase the flexibility and mobility of the injured hand. These exercises may include gentle stretching, finger movements, and wrist rotations to improve joint mobility.

2. Strengthening Exercises: Hand fractures can lead to muscle weakness due to immobilization and reduced use. Physical therapists prescribe strengthening exercises to rebuild muscle strength in the hand and fingers. These exercises may involve squeezing a stress ball, using therapy putty, or performing resistance exercises with therapeutic bands.

3. Functional Activities: Physical therapy focuses on improving hand function for daily activities. Therapists guide patients through activities that simulate real-life tasks, such as buttoning shirts, gripping objects, or writing. These functional exercises help patients regain dexterity and coordination.

4. Scar Management: Hand fractures often result in surgical incisions or scars. Physical therapists employ techniques to minimize scar tissue formation and improve scar mobility. This may include scar massage, gentle stretching, and the application of specialized creams or ointments.

5. Edema Control: Swelling, or edema, is a common issue following hand fractures. Physical therapists employ various techniques to reduce swelling, such as elevation, compression bandages, and lymphatic drainage techniques. By minimizing edema, therapy can enhance range of motion and facilitate healing.

6. Pain Management: Hand fractures can be accompanied by pain and discomfort. Physical therapists utilize modalities like heat or cold therapy, ultrasound, or electrical stimulation to alleviate pain and promote tissue healing.

7. Patient Education: Physical therapists educate patients on proper hand and finger ergonomics, joint protection techniques, and strategies to prevent re-injury. They provide guidance on activity modifications and recommend assistive devices, if necessary, to support hand function during the recovery process. It is important to note that physical therapy interventions are tailored to the individual’s specific needs and the severity of their hand fracture. Working closely with a skilled physical therapist ensures that the rehabilitation process is safe, effective, and personalized. In conclusion, physical therapy plays a critical role in the recovery and rehabilitation of hand fractures. Through a combination of range of motion exercises, strengthening techniques, functional activities, scar management, edema control, pain management, and patient education, physical therapists help individuals regain optimal hand function and return to their daily activities with confidence. If you have experienced a hand fracture, consult with a qualified physical therapist to develop a comprehensive rehabilitation plan tailored to your unique needs.

If you or a loved one have suffered a fractured hand injury, submit our inquiry form or call us now at 404-253-7862.

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Johnson & Ward has been a leading personal injury and wrongful death specialty law firm in Atlanta since 1949. The founders of the firm were also among the founders of the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association. Current partners include former presidents of the State Bar of Georgia and the Atlanta Bar Association.

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Ken Shigley, senior counsel at Johnson & Ward, is a former president of the State Bar of Georgia (2011-12). He was the first Georgia lawyer to earn three board certifications from the National Board of Trial Advocacy (Civil Trial Advocacy, Civil Pretrial Advocacy, and Truck Accident Law). In 2019, he received the Traditions of Excellence Award for lifetime achievement. Mr. Shigley was the lead author of eleven editions of Georgia Law of Torts: Trial Preparation and Practice (Thomson Reuters, 2010-21). He graduated from Furman University and Emory University Law School, and completed certificate courses in trial practice, negotiation and mediation at Harvard Law School.

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In personal injury law practice in Atlanta, we often see ankle fractures resulting from trips, falls, and direct impact in car and truck accidents.  There are several types of ankle fractures, categorized by the location and extent of the break. These can include lateral malleolus fractures (outside of the ankle), medial malleolus fractures (inside of the ankle), or bimalleolar and trimalleolar fractures, involving two or all three malleoli respectively.

Typically, an ankle fracture presents with intense pain immediately after the injury, which can become worse with movement or pressure. The ankle might also appear deformed or out of place, and there may be swelling or bruising. In severe cases, the broken bone may even puncture the skin, a condition known as an open or compound fracture. In one case we handled, our client was struck by a passenger shuttle cart in an airport terminal. The entire incident was caught on the airport security video camera, and showed her ankle flopping from side to side as there was a complete break of both the tibia and fibula.

Even if the fracture is less obvious than in that case, it’s critical to seek immediate medical attention if an ankle fracture is suspected. Ignoring the symptoms can lead to complications like improper healing, chronic pain, and arthritis.

 Diagnosis of an ankle fracture typically involves a physical examination and imaging tests, like X-rays or CT scans, to determine the extent of the fracture. Treatment can vary significantly depending on the severity of the fracture.

For minor ankle fractures, non-surgical treatments like rest, ice, compression, and elevation (the RICE method) may suffice, along with immobilizing the ankle with a cast or boot. Pain relief medications can also be prescribed to manage discomfort.

 In more severe cases, surgery is often necessary to realign and stabilize the bones. This might involve the use of plates, screws, or pins. After surgery, a period of immobilization is necessary for the bones to heal properly.

Ankle joint replacement, also known as total ankle arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure designed to alleviate pain and restore function in individuals suffering from severe ankle injury.

Recovery from an ankle fracture can take several weeks to months. The key to a successful recovery is following the prescribed treatment plan and participating in physical therapy. This typically includes exercises to strengthen the ankle and restore mobility and balance. Returning to normal activities should be a gradual process. It’s crucial not to rush recovery as this may lead to re-injury or complications.  Your physician will guide you on when and how to safely resume activities.

Ankle joint replacement, also known as total ankle arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure designed to alleviate pain and restore function in individuals suffering from severe ankle arthritis or injury. Ankle joint replacement offers an alternative for patients who seek to retain mobility and flexibility in their ankle joint.

During ankle joint replacement surgery, the damaged portions of the ankle joint are removed and replaced with artificial components made of metal and plastic. The procedure involves making an incision on the front of the ankle, accessing the joint, and carefully removing the arthritic bone surfaces. The artificial components are then secured to the remaining healthy bone using cement or press-fit techniques.

One of the key advantages of ankle joint replacement is that it preserves joint motion. Unlike ankle fusion, where the bones are permanently fused together, ankle replacement allows for a range of motion, facilitating walking, running, and other activities. This improved mobility can significantly enhance a patient’s quality of life, particularly for individuals who have been limited by persistent pain and stiffness.

Recovery from ankle joint replacement typically involves a period of immobilization, followed by physical therapy and rehabilitation. Patients are advised to avoid weight-bearing activities for a few weeks to allow the surgical site to heal properly.

 Physical therapy aims to restore strength, flexibility, and balance. Most patients can expect to return to their normal activities within a few months, although the timeline may vary depending on individual circumstances. As with any surgical procedure, ankle joint replacement carries certain risks, including infection, blood clots, implant loosening, and nerve damage. Therefore, it is crucial for patients to undergo a thorough evaluation and discuss the potential benefits and risks with their orthopedic surgeon. Ankle joint replacement is an effective surgical intervention for individuals suffering from severe ankle arthritis or injury. By restoring joint function and mobility, it can significantly improve the quality of life for patients, enabling them to engage in various activities with decreased pain and increased flexibility.

Physical therapy plays a vital role in the rehabilitation process for individuals recovering from an ankle fracture injury. Physical therapy aims to restore mobility, strength, and flexibility to the injured ankle, as well as improve balance and reduce pain. The initial phase of physical therapy for ankle fracture injury typically focuses on reducing pain, swelling, and inflammation. This may involve techniques such as ice therapy, compression, and elevation. The physical therapist may also recommend the use of assistive devices like crutches or a walking boot to protect the injured ankle and promote healing.

As the healing progresses, the emphasis of physical therapy shifts towards restoring range of motion, flexibility, and strength. Gentle exercises and stretching techniques are introduced to improve ankle mobility and flexibility. These exercises may include ankle circles, toe curls, and gentle calf stretches. The physical therapist will closely monitor the progress and adjust the exercises accordingly to prevent further injury.

 As the ankle becomes stronger and more stable, the focus of physical therapy shifts towards improving balance and proprioception. Balance exercises, such as single-leg stance and wobble board exercises, are incorporated to retrain the muscles and ligaments surrounding the ankle joint. These exercises help enhance stability and prevent future ankle sprains or injuries. Throughout the entire rehabilitation process, physical therapy also educates patients on proper body mechanics, gait training, and strategies to prevent re-injury. This may involve teaching patients how to walk with a normal gait pattern, use proper footwear, and engage in safe physical activities. In conclusion, physical therapy plays a crucial role in the recovery and rehabilitation of individuals with ankle fracture injuries. By incorporating various therapeutic techniques, exercises, and education, physical therapy aims to restore mobility, strength, and function to the injured ankle, allowing patients to regain their independence and return to their normal activities. It is essential for patients to follow their physical therapist’s guidance and actively participate in their rehabilitation to achieve optimal outcomes.

Permanent impairments after ankle fractures. As personal injury attorneys, we coordinate with physicians who objectively evaluate permanent impairments from injuries following established guidelines and criteria. Permanent impairment ratings after ankle fractures are often used to assess the long-term physical limitations and disabilities resulting from the injury. Permanent impairment ratings serve as a measure of the functional loss or disability that remains after an ankle fracture has healed.

The rating is expressed as a percentage, representing the degree of impairment compared to the normal function of a healthy ankle. The evaluation takes into account factors such as pain, range of motion, strength, stability, and functional limitations.

Most often, impairment ratings are determined based on standardized rating systems, such as the American Medical Association’s Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides). Where there are gaps in the AMA Guides, we may look to other ratings systems published by government agencies such as the Veterans Administration.

These rating systems consider various factors, including the severity of the fracture, the presence of complications or associated injuries, the residual pain and stiffness, and any functional limitations in activities of daily living or work-related tasks.

It’s important to note that permanent impairment ratings are not solely based on the physical condition of the ankle joint. They also take into account the impact on the individual’s overall functioning, including their ability to perform work-related tasks and engage in daily activities.

Permanent impairment ratings have significant implications for legal and insurance purposes, as they can affect compensation, disability benefits, and the individual’s ability to return to work. It is crucial for an accurate assessment to be conducted by trained medical professionals who are familiar with the specific rating guidelines and have a comprehensive understanding of the individual’s medical history and functional limitations. In conclusion, permanent impairment ratings after ankle fractures are used to assess the long-term functional limitations resulting from the injury. These ratings consider factors such as pain, range of motion, strength, stability, and functional limitations in activities of daily living and work-related tasks. Accurate and comprehensive evaluations by qualified medical professionals are essential in determining fair and appropriate impairment ratings.

The earlier we are involved in representing the victim of a serious ankle fracture, the better we may be able to steer your case to a successful conclusion.

If you or a loved one have suffered a spinal cord injury, submit our inquiry form or call us now at 404-253-7862.

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Johnson & Ward has been a leading personal injury and wrongful death specialty law firm in Atlanta since 1949. The founders of the firm were also among the founders of the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association. Current partners include former presidents of the State Bar of Georgia and the Atlanta Bar Association.

Leg amputation injuries are among the most severe and life-changing injuries that can occur, with profound physical, emotional, and financial consequences. The physical and emotional consequences of losing a limb are obviously profound, affecting mobility, independence, and overall quality of life.  Leg amputations can result from various incidents, including car and truck accidents, workplace accidents, medical malpractice, and product defects.

In addition to the immediate trauma and obvious impairment, survivors of leg amputations often face ongoing medical expenses, rehabilitation costs, and the need for assistive devices and prosthetics.  As personal injury attorneys, our job is to obtain the financial resources necessary to fund rehabilitation and long-term well-being.  Beyond legal assistance, we often have networks and resources that can help amputation survivors access the necessary medical care, rehabilitation services, and support systems. They can connect clients with healthcare professionals, prosthetists, physical therapists, and counselors who specialize in working with amputees. These support systems play a crucial role in the physical and emotional recovery of survivors, helping them adapt to their new circumstances and regain independence.

Whenever possible, we seek to handle cases in a manner to transform lives for the better. In one recent case, we represented a young woman who had an above-the-knee leg amputation due to injuries in a catastrophic auto accident. We were able to recover nearly $8 million dollars. Out of that, we arranged for the purchase of a pleasant home in a good school district in which to raise her daughter, arrange a solid base of monthly income,  set aside funds for regular maintenance and replacement of her prosthetics, and fund her lifelong aspiration to go to nursing school to become a registered nurse.

There is a double amputee in Atlanta who runs marathons and leads fitness bootcamp sessions on “blade” prosthetics. He is amazing.

Rehabilitation following leg amputation is a comprehensive process aimed at helping individuals adapt physically, emotionally, and functionally to their new circumstances. The primary goals of rehabilitation are to enhance mobility, promote independence, and improve the overall quality of life.

Here is a summary of the rehabilitation process for leg amputees:

1. Preoperative education: Before the amputation, patients receive information about the surgery, prosthetics, and rehabilitation process. This helps them mentally prepare for the procedure and understand what to expect afterward.

2. Postoperative care: After the amputation, patients undergo a period of recovery in the hospital. This includes wound healing, pain management, and early mobilization.

 3. Prosthetic evaluation and fitting: Once the wound has healed, patients are assessed for a prosthetic limb. The rehabilitation team, including prosthetists and therapists, evaluate the patient’s residual limb condition, strength, and functional abilities to determine the most suitable prosthetic device.

 4. Prosthetic training: This phase involves learning how to use and care for the prosthetic limb. Patients are taught how to don and doff the prosthesis, maintain proper hygiene, and perform basic tasks such as walking, standing, and transferring.

 5. Gait training: Gait training focuses on improving walking patterns, balance, and coordination with the prosthetic limb. Physical therapists employ various techniques and exercises to optimize gait mechanics and reduce compensatory movements.

6. Strength and endurance exercises: Rehabilitation includes specific exercises to build strength and endurance in the residual limb, as well as the upper body. Strengthening exercises help improve functional abilities and minimize strain on the remaining joints.

 7. Pain management: Many amputees may experience phantom limb pain or residual limb discomfort. Rehabilitation includes pain management strategies such as medication, physical therapy modalities, and psychological interventions to address these issues.

8. Activities of daily living (ADL) training: Rehabilitation also focuses on relearning and adapting to daily activities such as dressing, bathing, and household tasks. Occupational therapists assist patients in regaining independence and developing strategies to overcome challenges.

 9. Psychological support: Coping with limb loss can be emotionally challenging. Rehabilitation often includes counseling and support groups to address psychological and emotional aspects, promoting mental well-being and adjustment to the new situation.

 10. Community reintegration: The final phase of rehabilitation involves preparing patients for a successful return to their communities. It may involve vocational training, driving assessment, and recreational activities to facilitate social integration and participation in meaningful activities. Throughout the rehabilitation process, the care team collaborates closely with the patient to set realistic goals and monitor progress. Individualized treatment plans are designed to address specific needs and abilities, ensuring a comprehensive and successful rehabilitation journey.

Amputation injuries can leave individuals feeling helpless and uncertain about their future. Representing amputation survivors, we seek to play vital role in empowering amputation survivors by providing compassionate support, expert legal representation, and the resources needed to rebuild their lives. Through their advocacy, we help survivors regain control and restore their sense of dignity, ensuring they receive the necessary care and support to move forward with confidence. Leg amputation injuries.

Leg amputation injuries can have a profound impact on the lives of survivors and their families. As personal injury lawyers, we offer vital support, helping amputation survivors seek justice, secure compensation, and access the resources needed for their physical, emotional, and financial recovery. By partnering with a compassionate and experienced legal team, amputation survivors can embark on the journey of rebuilding their lives with confidence.

If you or a loved one have suffered a spinal cord injury, submit our inquiry form or call us now at 404-253-7862.

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Johnson & Ward has been a leading personal injury and wrongful death specialty law firm in Atlanta since 1949. The founders of the firm were also among the founders of the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association. Current partners include former presidents of the State Bar of Georgia and the Atlanta Bar Association.

In our law practice over several decades, we have represented numerous spinal cord injury survivors. Most had benefited from rehabilitation services at Shepherd Center or Emory Rehabilitation Hospital, both of which are near us in Atlanta. All these clients were injured in motor vehicle crashes or falls. One client who had been a high-powered government executive before an accident made him quadriplegic initially wanted to just turn his face to the wall and die, but after rehab, he used funds from his settlement to equip himself to write books and begin a second career in college teaching. Another spinal cord injury client was a young woman in college who went on to teach elementary school in a wheelchair, participate in adaptive sports, move west on her own, and become Ms. Wheelchair California. 

Spinal cord injury paralysis occurs when there is damage to the spinal cord, which is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves that runs from the base of the brain down to the lower back. The spinal cord is responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body, and damage to the spinal cord can result in a loss of neurological function.

The degree of neurological function loss depends on the location and severity of the spinal cord injury. In general, spinal cord injury paralysis can result in a range of symptoms, including loss of sensation, loss of movement, loss of bowel or bladder control, sexual dysfunction, and breathing difficulties.

The location of the spinal cord injury determines which parts of the body are affected. A spinal cord injury that occurs in the cervical (neck) region will typically result in tetraplegia (also known as quadriplegia), which is paralysis of all four limbs and the torso. A spinal cord injury that occurs in the thoracic (chest) region or below will typically result in paraplegia, which is paralysis of the lower limbs and the lower half of the body. Symptoms include loss of sensation,  loss of movement, loss of bowel or bladder control, sexual dysfunction, and breathing difficulties.

Diagnosis of spinal cord injury usually begins with paramedics at an accident scene or with emergency physicians and nurses in a hospital emergency department. Neurological screening in the triage process usually picks up on severe spinal cord injury pretty quickly. However, sometimes a developing SCI is initially subtle in the context of other injuries sustained in a crash. The diagnosis of spinal cord injury (SCI) typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Along with triage, and stabilizing the patient, the medical team will perform a thorough physical examination to assess the patient’s neurological function, including muscle strength, sensation, and reflexes. This may include a rectal exam to check for any loss of bowel or bladder control, which can be indicative of SCI.

Diagnostic tests may include:

– X-rays: X-rays can help identify fractures or dislocations in the spine.

– CT scan: A CT scan can provide detailed images of the spine and help identify any damage to the spinal cord.

– MRI: An MRI can provide even more detailed images of the spinal cord and surrounding tissues, and can help identify the location and extent of the injury.

– Electromyography (EMG): EMG can help evaluate the electrical activity of muscles and nerve cells in the limbs, and may be used to assess the extent of nerve damage.

Family members of spinal cord injury victims often must be advocates for the patient, firmly but respectfully pressing medical personnel and insurance companies to approve the transfer to a top SCI rehabilitation center such as Shepherd or Emory in Atlanta. Such transfers may depend upon bed availability and meeting medical criteria of stabilization for admission.

Once SCI victims are admitted to a rehabilitation facility, family members may be included in treatment team meetings. As your attorneys, we are available to accompany you, with permission, to begin coordinating with the treatment team in evaluating the patient’s long-term financial needs and how we may assist in meeting those needs. This is the beginning of the development of a life care plan that we may present in litigation. We listen first, build rapport, and then ask questions about points we need to effectively advocate for the SCI victim.

Medical treatment for spinal cord injuries may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and assistive devices such as wheelchairs, braces, etc.

Medication

Medications can play an important role in the treatment of spinal cord injuries by managing pain, reducing inflammation, preventing infections, and improving neurological function. The specific medications used will depend on the individual patient’s needs and the specifics of their injury.

Pain management is a critical aspect of treating spinal cord injuries, and medications such as opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxants may be prescribed to manage pain. However, the use of opioids must be carefully monitored due to the risk of addiction and other side effects.

Corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone may be used to reduce inflammation and swelling around the spinal cord, which can help preserve neurological function. These medications are typically administered within the first 8 hours after injury and may be continued for several days.

Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat infections, which can be a serious complication of spinal cord injuries. Bladder and bowel dysfunction are common after spinal cord injuries, and antibiotics may be used to prevent urinary tract infections and other infections that can occur due to the inability to empty the bladder properly.

Medications such as baclofen and tizanidine may be used to manage spasticity, which is a common complication of spinal cord injuries. These medications help to relax the muscles and reduce spasms.

In some cases, experimental medications may be used to promote nerve regeneration and improve neurological function. These medications may include growth factors, stem cells, or other drugs that have been shown to promote nerve growth and repair.

Surgery for spinal cord injuries can be divided into two main categories: decompression surgery and stabilization surgery.

Decompression surgery involves removing any material that is putting pressure on the spinal cord, such as bone fragments, herniated disks, or tumors. This type of surgery is aimed at preventing further damage to the spinal cord and potentially improving neurological function.

Stabilization surgery is used to stabilize the spine and prevent further damage. This may involve fusing two or more vertebrae together, using metal plates, screws, or rods to hold the spine in place. This type of surgery can also be used to correct spinal deformities that have resulted from the injury.

In some cases, a combination of decompression and stabilization surgery may be necessary. The goal of surgery is to prevent further damage to the spinal cord and potentially improve neurological function. However, the outcome of surgery is highly dependent on the severity of the injury and the individual patient’s response to treatment. Rehabilitation is often necessary after surgery to help the patient recover and regain as much function as possible.

Neurological Complications

Due to the disruption of nerves controlling body functions,  SCI victims have neurological complications affecting bowel, bladder,  and sexual functions. The extent of dysfunction depends on the level and severity of the SCI.

Bowel complications:

Bowel management is an important aspect of care for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) as the injury can result in disruption of nerve pathways that control bowel function, leading to constipation, diarrhea, or incontinence. Effective bowel management can help prevent complications such as fecal impaction, bowel obstruction, and bowel accidents.

There are several approaches to bowel management in SCI, including:

1. Diet and fluid management: A high-fiber diet and adequate fluid intake can help regulate bowel movements and prevent constipation. It is important to avoid foods that can cause constipation, such as dairy products, red meat, and refined carbohydrates.

2. Medications: Laxatives, stool softeners, and suppositories can be used to help regulate bowel movements and prevent constipation. However, it is important to use these medications under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects.

3. Digital stimulation: This involves inserting a finger into the rectum to stimulate the anal sphincter and initiate bowel movements. This can be done manually or with the help of a device.

4. Manual evacuation: This involves manually removing stool from the rectum using a gloved finger or a device. This may be necessary for individuals with severe constipation or impaction.

5. Bowel training: This involves establishing a regular routine for bowel movements, usually through the use of digital stimulation and manual evacuation. This can help prevent constipation and promote regular bowel movements.

6. Colostomy: In some cases, a surgical procedure called a colostomy may be necessary. This involves creating an opening in the abdomen through which stool can be eliminated. This may be necessary for individuals with severe bowel dysfunction that is not responsive to other treatments.

Effective bowel management requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account the individual’s specific needs and preferences. It is important for individuals with SCI to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized bowel management plan that meets their needs and promotes optimal bowel function.

Bladder and Urinary complications:

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can have a significant impact on bladder function due to the disruption of the nerve pathways that control bladder muscles and sphincter. Some of the common bladder problems associated with SCI include:

1. Urinary incontinence: This is the inability to control bladder function, leading to involuntary urine leakage. It can occur due to the disruption of nerve pathways that control bladder muscles and sphincter. Treatment options include the use of absorbent pads or diapers, medication, and intermittent catheterization.

2. Difficulty emptying the bladder: SCI can also lead to difficulty emptying the bladder completely, leading to a buildup of urine in the bladder. This can cause urinary tract infections and other complications. Treatment options include the use of medication, intermittent catheterization, or surgical procedures.

3. Frequent urinary tract infections: Individuals with SCI are at increased risk of urinary tract infections due to the disruption of nerve pathways that control bladder function. Treatment options include the use of antibiotics and the prevention of urinary stasis through intermittent catheterization or other means.

4. Bladder stones: SCI can also lead to the formation of bladder stones due to the buildup of minerals in the bladder. Treatment options include the use of medication to dissolve the stones, or surgical procedures to remove them.

5. Autonomic dysreflexia: This is a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur in individuals with SCI who have a level of injury at or above the sixth thoracic vertebra. It results from an exaggerated response of the autonomic nervous system to a noxious stimulus, such as a bladder or bowel distension. Treatment options include the removal of the noxious stimulus and the use of medication to lower blood pressure.

Sexual complications:

SCI can also affect sexual function. Men with SCI may experience erectile dysfunction, difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection, or retrograde ejaculation. Women with SCI may experience decreased lubrication, difficulty achieving orgasm, or reduced sensation. Treatment options include medication, vacuum erection devices, penile injections, and surgical procedures.

Physical therapy is an essential component of the rehabilitation process for individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI). The goal of physical therapy is to maximize functional independence and improve overall quality of life for the person with SCI.

The specific physical therapy interventions used for SCI depend on the severity and location of the injury, as well as the individual’s overall health and goals. Below are some common physical therapy interventions used for SCI, varying according to level of the injury and residual capability.

1. Range of motion exercises: These exercises help maintain flexibility and prevent joint contractures, which can occur due to immobility.

2. Strengthening exercises: Strengthening exercises help improve muscle strength and endurance, which can help with functional tasks such as transferring, standing, and walking.

3. Balance and coordination training: These exercises help improve balance and coordination, which can reduce the risk of falls and improve overall mobility.

4. Gait training: If paralysis is not complete, gait training involves working on standing and walking, either with or without assistive devices such as braces or walkers.

5. Functional electrical stimulation (FES): FES is a technique that uses electrical impulses to stimulate paralyzed muscles and improve muscle function. This technique can be used to help with walking, standing, and other functional tasks.

6. Assistive devices: Physical therapists can help individuals with SCI choose and learn how to use assistive devices such as wheelchairs, walkers, and braces.

It is important to note that physical therapy is just one component of the overall rehabilitation process for SCI. In addition to physical therapy, individuals with SCI may also receive occupational therapy, speech therapy, and other interventions to address their specific needs and goals.

Occupational therapy is an important component of the rehabilitation process for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The goal of occupational therapy is to help individuals with SCI regain the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and improve their overall quality of life. Here are some common interventions used in occupational therapy for SCI:

1. Self-care training: Occupational therapists can teach individuals with SCI how to perform self-care tasks such as bathing, dressing, and grooming using adaptive techniques and equipment.

2. Upper extremity therapy: Individuals with SCI often experience weakness or paralysis in their upper extremities. Occupational therapists can provide exercises and therapeutic activities to help improve strength, coordination, and function in the arms and hands.

3. Environmental modifications: Occupational therapists can evaluate the home and work environments of individuals with SCI and make recommendations for modifications to improve accessibility and safety.

4. Adaptive equipment: Occupational therapists can help individuals with SCI select and learn to use adaptive equipment such as wheelchairs, lifts, and other assistive devices.

5. Work retraining: Occupational therapists can help individuals with SCI return to work by providing vocational training and job accommodations.

6. Leisure activities: Occupational therapists can work with individuals with SCI to identify and participate in leisure activities that are meaningful to them. This can include activities such as sports, hobbies, and social outings.

It is important to note that occupational therapy is just one component of the overall rehabilitation process for SCI. In addition to occupational therapy, individuals with SCI may also receive physical therapy, speech therapy, and other interventions to address their specific needs and goals.

Adaptive technologies

 Adaptive techniques and equipment can help people with spinal cord injuries (SCI) to live more independently and improve their quality of life. Here are some examples:

1. Wheelchairs: Wheelchairs are one of the most common pieces of equipment used by people with SCI. There are many different types of wheelchairs available, including manual and power wheelchairs, which can be customized to meet an individual’s specific needs. Some wheelchairs are designed for use indoors, while others are designed for outdoor use. In Georgia, Cumberland Island National Seashore even has beach wheelchairs available for visitors.

2. Assistive Devices: There are various assistive devices that can help people with SCI to perform daily activities, such as dressing, grooming, and eating. These can include devices such as dressing sticks, reachers, and adaptive utensils.

3. Transfer Equipment: Transfer equipment such as transfer boards and transfer benches can help individuals with SCI to move from their wheelchair to other surfaces, such as a bed or a car.

4. Standing Frames: Standing frames can help people with SCI to stand upright and experience the benefits of weight-bearing. Standing frames can also help to improve circulation, reduce muscle spasms, and prevent pressure sores.

5. Adapted Vehicles: Adapted vehicles can help people with SCI to travel independently. These vehicles can be modified to include hand controls, lifts, and other adaptive equipment.

6. Home Modifications: Home modifications such as grab bars, wheelchair ramps, and widened doorways can help to make a home more accessible for someone with SCI.

7. Sports Equipment: There are many adaptive sports and recreational activities available for people with SCI, such as wheelchair basketball, hand cycling, and adaptive skiing. Adaptive sports equipment can include specialized wheelchairs, hand cycles, and other equipment designed for people with disabilities.

Overall, adaptive techniques and equipment can help people with SCI to live more independently, participate in activities they enjoy, and improve their overall quality of life. It is important to work with healthcare professionals and assistive technology specialists to determine the best equipment and techniques for each individual’s unique needs.

 Mouth operated control devices

Even a person who is a complete quadriplegic may regain a degree of agency with mouth-operated control devices.  Sip and puff and tongue controls are two types of assistive technology that can be used by individuals with quadriplegia to control wheelchairs and computers.

Sip and puff controls use a straw-like device that is placed in the user’s mouth. By sipping or puffing on the device, the user can control the movement of the wheelchair. For example, sipping may cause the wheelchair to move forward, while puffing may cause it to move backward. Sip and puff controls can also be used to control other devices, such as l

Red environmental controls, communication devices, and computer software.

Tongue controls use a small magnet that is attached to the user’s tongue with a piercing. The magnet is connected to a sensor on the user’s wheelchair or computer, which allows them to control the movement of the device by moving their tongue in different directions. Tongue controls can be an effective alternative to traditional joystick controls for individuals with limited hand or arm function.

Both sip and puff and tongue controls require training and practice to use effectively. However, once mastered, these technologies can provide individuals with quadriplegia with greater independence and control over their environment.

In addition to controlling wheelchairs, sip and puff and tongue controls can also be used to operate computers. For example, individuals with quadriplegia can use these devices to control the mouse cursor, type using an on-screen keyboard, and access software applications. There are a variety of software programs and applications available that are specifically designed for use with assistive technology, making it easier for individuals with quadriplegia to use computers and access information.

Overall, sip and puff and tongue controls are important assistive technologies for individuals with quadriplegia, providing them with greater independence and control over their environment. It is important for individuals with quadriplegia to work with healthcare professionals and assistive technology specialists to determine the best technology for their unique needs.

Psychological effects of spinal cord injuries.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) almost always have a significant impact on a person’s psychological well-being. Dir to a profound effect on a person’s sense of self, identity, and relationships with others. Additionally, the sudden and traumatic nature of SCI can result in feelings of shock, disbelief, and grief.

Depression is a common psychological effect of SCI. Depression can be caused by a range of factors, including the loss of physical ability, social isolation, and chronic pain. Depression can also make it more difficult for people with SCI to engage in rehabilitation and can lead to a slower recovery.

Anxiety is another common psychological effect of SCI. Anxiety can be caused by a range of factors, including the uncertainty of the future, the loss of control over one’s body, and the fear of experiencing medical complications. People with SCI may also experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of the traumatic event that caused their injury.

Furthermore, individuals with SCI usually experience significant changes in their relationships and social lives.  SCI tremendously impedes ability to participate in social activities, leading to social isolation and feelings of loneliness. This often has  a huge impact on their mental health.

Finally, the physical limitations of SCI can lead to feelings of frustration, anger, and a sense of helplessness. These feelings can be exacerbated by the challenges of adapting to a new way of life, including learning new skills and coping with the physical, emotional, and financial strain of the injury.

Conclusion

The treatment team at a major spinal cord injury rehabilitation center can help to optimize the best attainable degree if recovery. As attorneys experienced in spinal cord injury cases, we stand ready to work with the patient’s family and treatment team to obtain funds for an optimal life care plan.   

If you or a loved one have experienced a catastrophic spinal cord injury in a motor vehicle crash or an accident on business property, either submit our inquiry form or call 404-253-7862.

If you or a loved one have suffered a spinal cord injury, submit our inquiry form or call us now at 404-253-7862.

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Johnson & Ward has been a leading personal injury and wrongful death specialty law firm in Atlanta since 1949. The founders of the firm were also among the founders of the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association. Current partners include former presidents of the State Bar of Georgia and the Atlanta Bar Association.

Car and truck accidents, as well as falls, can cause a wide range of injuries, some of which can be particularly severe. One area of the body that is often affected in these types of accidents is the nose. Nasal trauma can vary in severity, from minor bruises and cuts to severe fractures and permanent impairment.

The mechanism of nasal injury typically involves a sudden impact to the face, which can occur in a number of ways. For example, in a car or truck accident, the nose can be injured when the face strikes the steering wheel or dashboard, or when the airbag deploys. Similarly, in a fall, the nose can be injured when the face strikes a hard surface, such as the ground or a stair step.

Dog bites to the nose are common, especially in children. Dog bites can cause both cosmetic and functional damage as well as increase the risk of infection. In extreme cases, complete nasal reconstruction may be required.

There are several types of nose injuries that can occur in car and truck accidents and falls. These include:

Nasal Fractures

Nose fractures are one of the most common types of nasal injuries. Depending on the severity of the fracture, surgery may be required to realign the bones.

A common internal result of a nasal bone fracture is a deviated septum. The nasal septum is the cartilage and bone in your nose. The septum divides the nasal cavity (inside your nose) into a right and left side. When the septum is off-center or leans to one side of the nasal cavity, it has “deviated.”The force of the impact can cause the septum to shift from its normal position, leading to a deviated septum. In some cases, a deviated septum may be present before the injury, but the injury can worsen the deviation and cause symptoms to develop. Symptoms of a deviated septum can vary in severity and may include: congestion or stuffiness in one or both nostrils;  difficulty breathing through the nose; frequent nosebleeds; recurring sinus infections or colds;  headaches; facial pain or pressure; snoring or sleep apnea; and decreased sense of smell.

Rhinoplasty and septoplasty are two different surgical procedures that can be performed after a  nose fracture injury, and they are often performed together. While both procedures can improve the function and appearance of the nose, they serve different purposes.

Rhinoplasty is a cosmetic procedure that is designed to reshape the nose’s external appearance. This procedure can be used to correct deformities resulting from a nose injury, such as a crooked or misshapen nose. Rhinoplasty can also be used to address breathing problems caused by structural issues in the nose, such as a deviated septum.

Septoplasty, on the other hand, is a functional procedure that is designed to correct issues with the internal structure of the nose. This procedure is typically performed to correct a deviated septum, which can cause breathing difficulties and other issues. During a septoplasty, the surgeon will reposition or remove parts of the septum to improve airflow through the nose.

While rhinoplasty and septoplasty are different procedures, they are often performed in combination to address both functional and aesthetic concerns resulting from a nose injury. This is called a septorhinoplasty. During a septorhinoplasty, the surgeon will address any structural issues with the septum while also reshaping the external appearance of the nose.

Olfactory nerve injuries

Olfactory injuries are those that affect the sense of smell. They can occur when the delicate tissues inside the nose are damaged due to a sudden impact. In some cases, olfactory injuries can be permanent.

The olfactory nerve is responsible for the sense of smell, and injuries to this nerve can occur in car and truck accidents and falls. The nerve fibers that make up the olfactory nerve are fragile and can be easily damaged by a sudden impact to the head or face. Injuries to the olfactory nerve can result in a partial or complete loss of the sense of smell, which can have a significant impact on a person’s quality of life.

Symptoms of olfactory nerve injuries may include:  loss of sense of smell; reduced ability to taste; changes in the perception of flavor; difficulty identifying odors;  phantom smells (i.e., smelling odors that are not present).                                      

The severity of olfactory nerve injuries can vary, depending on the extent of the damage. In some cases, the nerve fibers may be partially damaged, resulting in a temporary loss of smell. In other cases, the nerve fibers may be completely severed, resulting in a permanent loss of smell.

Treatment for olfactory nerve injuries may depend on the extent of the damage and the severity of symptoms. In mild cases, the sense of smell may return on its own over time. In more severe cases, treatment may include medications or surgery to repair or regenerate the damaged nerve fibers.

Unfortunately, in many cases, olfactory nerve injuries are permanent and may result in a permanent loss of the sense of smell. This can have a significant impact on a person’s quality of life, as the sense of smell plays an important role in many daily activities, such as cooking, eating, and socializing.

Nasal soft tissue injuries

Soft tissue injuries to the nose can include bruises, cuts, and abrasions. These types of injuries can be painful and can result in scarring. Plastic surgery including rhinoplasty may be required to repair cosmetic and functional nose injuries.

If you or a loved one have suffered a serious nose injury, submit our inquiry form or call us at 404-253-7862.

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Johnson & Ward has been a leading personal injury and wrongful death specialty law firm in Atlanta since 1949. The founders of the firm were also among the founders of the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association. Current partners include former presidents of the State Bar of Georgia and the Atlanta Bar Association.

Causes of TMJ Injuries
TMJ injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Trauma: A blow to the face or jaw can cause a TMJ injury. This is common in car
  accidents, sports injuries, and falls.

• Grinding or clenching of teeth: Overuse of the TMJ due to grinding or clenching of
  teeth can cause inflammation and damage to the joint.

• Arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis can cause inflammation and damage to
  the TMJ.

• Stress: Stress can cause tension in the jaw muscles, leading to TMJ pain and
  discomfort.
  Symptoms of TMJ Injury
  
• Pain or tenderness in the jaw joint, face, neck, or shoulders.

• Difficulty or pain when chewing, speaking, or opening the mouth wide.

• Clicking or popping sounds when opening or closing the mouth.

• Locking of the jaw joint, making it difficult to open or close the mouth.

• Headaches or earaches.

• Dizziness or ringing in the ears.
• 
  Treatment for TMJ injuries will depend on the severity of the injury and the underlying cause. Some common treatment options include:

• Resting the jaw: Avoiding chewing gum, hard foods, and other activities that strain the jaw joint can help ease TMJ pain.

• Applying heat or cold: Applying a warm or cold compress to the affected area can help reduce inflammation and pain.

• Medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers, muscle relaxants, or anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed to help relieve TMJ pain.

• Physical therapy: Exercises to strengthen and stretch the jaw muscles can help improve TMJ function.

• Bite guards: Wearing a customized bite guard can help reduce teeth grinding and clenching, which can cause TMJ pain.

• Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the damaged joint.
  
• What to Do If You Have Suffered a TMJ Injury
  If you have suffered a TMJ injury due to someone else’s negligence, such as in a car accident or a sports injury, you may be entitled to compensation. In order to pursue a personal injury claim, you will need to prove that the other party’s negligence was the proximate cause of your injury. This can be a complex process, and it is important to work with an experienced personal injury attorney who can help you navigate the legal system.
  
  A personal injury attorney can help you gather evidence to support your claim, such as medical records, witness statements, and accident reports. They can also negotiate with insurance companies on your behalf to ensure that you receive fair compensation for your injuries, including medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, and any other damages related to your TMJ injury.
  
  It is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible if you believe you have suffered a TMJ injury. A doctor can diagnose the injury and recommend a treatment plan. This documentation will also be crucial in supporting your personal injury claim. In addition to seeking medical attention and working with a personal injury attorney, there are other steps you can take to protect your legal rights after a TMJ injury:

• Document the details of the accident or incident that led to your injury. Take photos of any visible injuries or damage.

• Keep track of all medical appointments, treatments, and expenses related to your TMJ injury.

• Avoid discussing your case with anyone other than your attorney.

• Follow all medical advice and treatment recommendations.

• Keep a journal of your symptoms and how they are affecting your daily life.

If you or a loved one have suffered a serious temporomandibular joint (TMJ) injury, submit our inquiry form or call us at 404-253-7862.

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Johnson & Ward has been a leading personal injury and wrongful death specialty law firm in Atlanta since 1949. The founders of the firm were also among the founders of the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association. Current partners include former presidents of the State Bar of Georgia and the Atlanta Bar Association.

Thus, traumatic eye injuries can have a significant impact on an individual’s life, both physically and emotionally. Such eye injuries can range from minor scratches to severe damage that can result in permanent vision loss or even blindness. Eye injuries can cause complex and life-altering medical complications, impacting education and careers, impede social relationships, cause permanent impairment, and hold profound marriage and family ramifications.

Some common causes of eye injuries include:

Car and Truck Accidents – Eye injuries, usually initially addressed in an emergency department, can occur in car or truck accidents in several ways.

• Penetrating trauma by protruding objects or debris.

During a car or truck accident, the eye may come in contact with a protruding object in the vehicle or debris such as broken glass, metal fragments, or other sharp objects may fly around and penetrate a person’s eyes. When a sharp object penetrates the eye, it can cause physical damage to the structures of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, as well as the surrounding tissue.

The severity of the damage depends on several factors, including the size, shape, and velocity of the object, as well as the location of the injury. A small object, such as a metal fragment or a small piece of glass, can cause a corneal abrasion, which is a scratch on the surface of the cornea. While this type of injury can be painful and may cause temporary vision problems, it usually heals within a few days to a week with proper treatment.

However, if the object is larger or travels at a higher velocity, it can penetrate deeper into the eye and cause more serious damage, such as a ruptured eyeball or a detached retina. These injuries can cause permanent vision loss and may require surgical intervention to repair.

In addition to the physical damage, a penetrating eye injury can also increase the risk of infection, as bacteria and other microorganisms can enter the eye through the wound. This can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening complications, such as endophthalmitis, which is an infection of the interior of the eye.

• Blunt impact between an eye and any object in a car or truck crash can cause:

Retinal detachment, a serious condition in which the retina separates from underlying tissue, can cause permanent vision loss

Orbital fracture, a break in bones surrounding the eye.

Traumatic iritis, and inflammation of the iris.

Hyphema, in which blood collects in the front chamber of the eye.

Corneal abrasions, resulting in eye pain, redness, sensitivity to light, and blurred vision.

Airbag deployment: Airbags are designed to protect people in accidents, but they can also cause injuries, especially if they hit a person’s face or eyes. Eye injuries from airbags can range from minor irritation to serious damage such as retinal detachment.

•         Chemical exposure: In some accidents, chemicals such as gasoline or battery acid may leak or spill, and if they come into contact with a person’s eyes, they can cause serious injuries such as chemical burns or blindness.-

• Work Accidents – Workplace accidents, such as those that occur in chemical exposures, construction or manufacturing settings, can also result in eye injuries.

•  Sports and Recreational Activities – Sports and recreational activities such as baseball, basketball, and swimming can all lead to eye injuries.

Medical Complications

Eye injuries can lead to a range of medical complications, including:

•  Infection – Eye injuries can make the eye more susceptible to infection.

• Vision Loss – Eye injuries can cause temporary or permanent vision loss, depending on the severity of the injury.

• Scarring – Scarring can occur as a result of an eye injury, which can lead to permanent vision loss.

Social and Psychological Aspects

Eye injuries can also have social and psychological impacts on an individual’s life. Some of these impacts include:

• Social Isolation – Eye injuries can make individuals self-conscious about their appearance, leading to social isolation.

• Anxiety and Depression – Eye injuries can lead to anxiety and depression, especially if the injury results in permanent vision loss.

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – Individuals who have experienced a severe eye injury may develop PTSD, which can lead to flashbacks, nightmares, and other symptoms.

Permanent Impairment

In some cases, eye injuries can result in permanent impairment, such as partial or complete vision loss. This can have significant impacts on an individual’s life, including their ability to work and perform daily activities. In these cases, it may be necessary to seek compensation for the permanent impairment through a personal injury lawsuit.

Educational and Career Impacts

Eye injuries can also have significant impacts on an individual’s education and career. A serious eye injury to a child can affect the entire trajectory of education and life. Depending on the severity of the injury, an individual may need to take time off from school or work to recover or may be unable to return to their previous goals and job due to vision loss or other impairments. In these cases, it may be necessary to seek compensation for lost wages and future earning potential.

Marriage and Family Ramifications

Eye injuries can also have impacts on an individual’s personal relationships, including their marriage and family. In some cases, an individual may require additional support from their spouse or family members during the recovery process. Additionally, the emotional and psychological impacts of an eye injury can also impact these relationships.

If you or a loved one have suffered a serious eye injury, submit our inquiry form or call us at 404-253-7862.

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Johnson & Ward has been a leading personal injury and wrongful death specialty law firm in Atlanta since 1949. The founders of the firm were also among the founders of the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association. Current partners include former presidents of the State Bar of Georgia and the Atlanta Bar Association.